In AD 955, Pope John (XII) became Pope of the Catholic Church of Rome. He was a member of a powerful family in Rome and his family had been active in church politics for the past 50 years. Therefore he also understood the political plight of Rome very well. He knew that at this time no rich-feudal family in Rome could give Rome a new emperor. So in AD 962, the Pope sent an invitation to the German ruler Otto (I) to take over Rome. Otto accepted this invitation and easily captured Rome and Italy.
The Pope crowned Otto (I) the Roman Emperor with his own hands and called him the 'Papal Emperor'. Thus came into existence the second edition of the Holy Roman Empire. From then until the end of the 15th century, the Emperor of Germany was the Holy Roman Emperor who lived in Germany and the Pope reigned fearlessly in Rome. The kings of Germany, as Holy Roman Emperor, took over the fallen Rome again and raised it to its feet.
Later Otto and his successors combined the Kingdom of Germany, the Kingdom of Bohemia, the Kingdom of Burgundy and the Kingdom of Italy to form a vast empire called the 'Roman Empire', but in fact it was the German Empire that ruled over all of the ancient Roman Empire. The state emblem and flag etc. were adopted.
The new Holy Roman Empire was a multiethnic complex political union of Central Europe that existed from AD 962 to AD 1806 until it was abolished by Napoleon Bonaparte. The kingdom was part of Central-Europe in the Middle Ages. It is no less than a surprise that the shadow of the Roman Empire continued to appear and disappear in the form of a new state over a period of eighteen hundred years. It was probably the magic hidden in the Roman word that gave people the illusion of living within an empire for two whole centuries.
The Eastern Roman Empire still operated as an orderly state from its capital, Constantinia, but the new Western Roman Empire continued to change and collapse, appearing again and again under new rulers. It seems as if it appeared and disappeared over and over again, like the ghost of the old Roman Empire. The shadow of the Roman Empire was repeatedly shaped in the minds of the Romans on the strength of the memory of the old Roman Empire and the prestige of the Christian Church, but it collapsed in a few hundred years due to the lack of internal power necessary for the survival of the state. Would have happened.
Pope and Patriarch expel each other
In AD 1054, the Pope of Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinia expelled each other from Christianity. Later, when the Muslims destroyed the Eastern Roman Empire, Rome patronized the Catholic Church and Russia patronized the Orthodox Church.
Punishment and Protection of Emperors by Pope
During the reign of Otto, the conditions of the Pope began to improve again. In the eleventh century AD, the Pope had become so powerful that he acquired the right to expel ordinary citizens as well as kings from the religion, that is, the Christian community. Pope Hildebrande Sovana, who became Pope under the name of Gregory (VII) (AD 1073-84), arrogant of Germany 'Holy Roman Emperor' Henry (IV) was so humiliated that he had to walk barefoot in the snow to ask for forgiveness and stand outside the Pope's Canoza palace (Italy) until the Pope kindly asked him to come inside. Not allowed.
According to some legends, King Henry IV of Germany, along with his wife and children, kneeled in front of the Pope's palace for three days and three nights, praying to the Pope for forgiveness. These stories may have been fabricated to enhance the glory of the Pope.
Determining the method of election of the Pope
There was no definite method or procedure for the election of the Pope until the middle of the eleventh century. One of the clergy of Rome, according to his seniority and influence or with the support of the feudal lords and emperors of Rome, used to become bishop of the Latin Catholic Church of Rome and he used to be called the Pope of Christians.
Pope Gregory VII of Rome set the rules for the selection of the Pope for the first time in AD 1059. 'cardinal' in the Roman Catholic tradition considered to be the highest-ranking clergy. A circle of these cardinals was formed called 'Holy College' (Holy Circle). This congregation used to select the new Pope.
When a pope died, the cardinals would be confined to a room in the Sistine Chapel called a conclave. These cardinals used to choose one of their cardinals as the new Pope. The lock of this room was not opened until a new Pope had been elected.
During this neither any person could enter that room nor could any person come out of that room. Nor could any information be sent out of the room as to what was happening in the conclave at the moment. The election of a new pope used to take anywhere from a few hours to several days. Therefore, until the election of a new pope, the cardillons ate and slept in the chapel's closed conclave.
Today, almost 1000 years have passed, almost the same process is going on for the selection of the Pope. All the cardinals in the conclave write the name of a cardinal of their choice on a slip and place it on a plate in front of them. When all the cardinals have written down the name of the pope of their choice, those slips are threaded with a needle. They are counted twice. If no one can be elected Pope on the basis of these slips, then these slips are burnt and the black smoke emanating from them is taken out through a chimney.
Seeing this smoke, people outside the conclave understand that one round of the selection process has failed. This process is repeated over and over again until a single pope's name is agreed upon. When the name of the pope is agreed, white smoke is released into the chimney, so that people outside understand that Christendom has found a new pope.
Smoke from the burning of ballot papers rises from the chimney of the Sistine Chapel. In the last few years, when the Pope's name was not agreed upon, soaked straw was also mixed in it to darken the smoke.
There has always been confusion about the color of smoke coming out of chimneys. In 1978, a special type of chemical was also added to whiten the smoke, but still the smoke remained gray. There have also been some changes from time to time in the process of selection of the Pope. Cardinals from Catholic churches around the world now participate in the process of selecting the Pope.
Radio, television and communications are removed from the area where the cardinals sit. The cardinals are looked after by cooks, doctors and some servants. No Cardinal may accompany any of his associates to the Conclave. After the cardinals have arrived at the conclave, the order in Latin is given - 'Extra Omens.' That is, those who are not involved in the election process should go out. After this all the windows and doors are closed.
In 1975, Pope Paul (VI) decided that cardinals over the age of eighty years would not vote. Pope John Paul (II) also made some changes in AD 1996. Earlier, a two-thirds majority was necessary for the selection of the Pope, but now more than half of the votes are required. There are currently 184 cardinals in the world, 117 of whom voted to elect the previous pope.
Elected Emperor of Rome
Rome had a system of republic since very ancient times, but by the time of Octavian August, the republic came to an end and became a monarchy. Still some symbols of the republic remained. One of these was the process of election of the emperor. The process of electing the Emperor was carried out by a Colosseum, similar to that of the Cardinals of Rome. There was a senate (mandal) of seven feudal-sardars who were called 'Elector Princess' was called.
On the death of an emperor, these seven chieftains together elected the new emperor. In the selection process, an effort was made to ensure that the descendants of the old emperor were not selected, giving opportunity to all possible and eligible feudatories or feudal-sons, but in practice only the son or descendant of the old emperor was selected. was. Thus kings of the same dynasty continued to rule Rome for many generations.