(Pucsp 2006) Consider the following texts, which refer to two distinct moments in German history:respectively, the unification of the national state, in the 19th century, and the Nazi period, in the 20th century.
“Bismarck himself seems not to have been very concerned with symbolism, except for the creation of a tricolor flag, which united the white and black Prussian with the liberal nationalist black, red and gold (...).”
(Eric Hobsbawn. “The invention of traditions”. Rio de Janeiro:Paz e Terra, 1984, p. 281)
"Hitler writes about the flag:'As National Socialists, we see our program in our flag. We see the social idea of the movement in red, the nationalist idea in white, in the swastika our mission of struggle for the victory of the Aryan man and, for the same struggle, the victory of the idea of creative work which, as it has always been, will always be anti-Semitic'."
(Wilhelm Reich. “Mass Psychology of Fascism”. São Paulo:Martins Fontes, 1988, p. 94-5)
About the processes and historical periods mentioned above, it can be said that
a) Nazism came to power through a military coup in 1933 and created the Third Empire (“Reich”), starting a period of strong expansion and territorial annexation , which remained even after its defeat in World War II.
b) unification took place in 1848, in the so-called “People's Spring”, when workers rebelled against the political fragmentation of the German Confederation and allied with Austria to achieve national unity German.
c) Nazism was defeated at the end of World War II, in 1945, when Germany was divided among the victors and its industrial production capacity was destroyed so that it could become a agricultural country, the “breadbasket of Europe”.
d) unification involved several conflicts and gave rise, in 1871, under Prussian command, to the Second Empire (“Reich”), initiating a period of accelerated German economic and military expansion , which lasted until the First World War.
e) Nazism emerged after the First World War, in 1918, and preached the need for Germany to fight communists and Jews, “internal enemies”, but to ally itself with neighboring countries with white and Aryan populations, such as France and England.
question 2Considering the texts presented in Question 1, answer:
The composition of the two flags to which the texts refer lends itself, in both cases, to:
a) represent the socialist character of the modern German state, hence the presence of red on both flags.
b) identify the victorious and dominant political project with society as a whole and with the German State.
c) to defend the peace conquered after the war periods, hence the presence of white in both flags.
d) value the diversity of existing political proposals, characterizing Germany as a democratic and plural country.
e) demonstrate the religious and Christian character of the German State, hence the presence of black in both flags.
question 3(Mackenzie-SP) The political unification of Germany (1870-1871) had the following consequences:
a) the rupture of the European balance, French revanchism, the German industrial revolution and the politics of alliances.
b) weakening of Germany and misery of a large part of the inhabitants of the south, responsible for the migratory wave of the late 19th century.
c) the annexation of Alsace and Lorraine, the impoverishment of the Zollverein and the retraction of capitalism.
d) colonial race, French revanchism, the weakening of the Reich and annexation of Austria.
e) the European balance, the alliance with France, the formation of the customs union and the League of Three Emperors.
question 4The Franco-Prussian War opposed the two main economic and military powers of continental Europe between 1870 and 1871, representing the collapse of the Empire of Napoleon III and the rise of the German Empire of William I, engineered by Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Regarding the reasons that led to the outbreak of the conflict, it is correct to say that:
a) the initial reason for the conflict was the occupation of the city of Paris by the workers and popular classes of France, which influenced the Prussian workers to fight against the government.
b) the reason used for the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War was related to the dispute over the succession to the Spanish throne, which took place after the Spanish Revolution of 1868.
c) the main reason for the conflict was the sending of a false insulting diplomatic letter by the French Chancellor, on behalf of Napoleon III, to the King of Prussia, William I.
d) the reason used for the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War was related to the dispute over the succession to the Austrian throne, a country allied with Prussia, which suffered interference from France.
P> question 5Look at the image below.
Removal of the French flag for the placement of the German one, at Fort Vauves, near Paris, on January 29, 1871
The Franco-Prussian War is considered by many historians as the first modern war, whose motives are related to the Prussian army and are exposed below, except:
a) mandatory military service.
b) the stimulus to nationalist sentiment.
c) link between strong industrial development and the war industry.
d) the development of trench warfare tactics.
e) the use of new strategies, such as preparing for long conflicts.
answers Question 1Letter D . The process of German Unification had the Kingdom of Prussia as an aggregator axis, which, after several conflicts in Central and Western Europe, resulted in the formation of the so-called Second Reich. In addition to the accelerated industrialization, there was also an escalation of animosity with neighboring countries, mainly against France, whose nationalist revanchism would be one of the arguments for the beginning of the First World War.
Question 2Letter B . The substitution of the flags in the two historical moments represented the symbolism of the victory of the groups that ascended to the control of the Germanic State, but also intended to represent a national unity of the German people.
Question 3Letter A . German unification intensified its industrialization and increased its war power, becoming a military power in the region, in addition to creating rivalries with its neighbors. French revanchism provided the development of a nationalist feeling in some sectors of society. On the other hand, Bismark sought to ally with other European countries, leading France and England to unite as a result.
Question 4Letter B . It was in Prussia's interest to place Leopold Hohenzollern, cousin of the Prussian king, on the Spanish throne. But this objective clashed with the interests of France in the region, due to the expansion of Prussia's influence in European territory.
Question 5Letter D. Trench warfare would be developed more than forty years after the Franco-Prussian War, during the conflicts of World War I.