It was the samurai's master-slave relationship that continued to function as the foundation of the Kamakura Shogunate. ]. This relationship is by no means a one-way street from above, but a relationship in which masters and servants mutually benefit each other . It consisted of.
This relationship began in 1180 before the establishment of the Shogunate. It goes back to that time.
Prince Mochihito Is Emperor Antoku Genpei War Begins. There is a battle of Genpei in that, and one of the central figures is the later Minamoto no Yoritomo of Kamakura-dono. There was a figure of.
The qualities of Minamoto no Yoritomo and the problems of the Bando samurai
When Minamoto no Yoritomo raises the overthrowing Heike, Bando Samurai They gathered one after another to Yoritomo, and when they noticed, they became a large army corps leading the samurai of the Kanto region.
Why did Minamoto no Yoritomo lead the corps as a leader when some of them responded to Prince Mochihito's call? ??
It is said that there are three.
- Minamoto no Yoritomo was Seiwa Genji, who had a royal lineage.
- Yoritomo's father, Yoshitomo, was an influential person who united the samurai in the Kanto area.
- Minamoto no Yoritomo was charismatic
In addition, the Bando samurai at that time had two problems.
Treatment of Samurai Bando in the late Heian period
The Bando samurai were treated as barbarians by the nobles of the imperial court.
I was fighting for the aristocrats for my life, but I didn't get the reward from the imperial court. Moreover, if the dissatisfaction was to hit the imperial court, a painful treatment from Taira no Kiyomori was waiting.
Therefore, the Bando warriors [ I want them to be guided and rewarded] It seems that he was thinking.
The Kanto area is confused by the territorial conflict
The Kanto area at that time was confused by the conflict between the samurai, and the samurai were exhausted by the conflict. Therefore, [ Leader who brings Kanto together and leads to peace] I was looking for.
In such a place, Minamoto no Yoritomo, who has good bloodline, father is a strong man, and has charisma, appears.
Thanks and the beginning of service
Minamoto no Yoritomo expected as a leader to rule the Kanto area in this way ..
Yoritomo, who understood the role, thought that in order to unite the strong samurai, a new mechanism that was not bound by the relationship between the imperial court and the samurai was necessary. However, the interests are complicated, and it is not possible to put together the samurai like the relationship with the imperial court so far, so the idea was gratitude and service . was.
[ Thank you and service ] It seems difficult to write, but in a modern way, [ give and take ] I think that it comes to a pin when you think of it as a mechanism.
Yoritomo, the master, solves the worries of the samurai [ thanks ] Instead, the samurai fight to defeat the Heike [ service 】is.
Win-Win relationship with each other, not the one-sided relationship of [Royal Court> Samurai] Is important. The samurai who signed this gratitude and the contract of service with Minamoto no Yoritomo [ Gokenin ] Is called.
In this way, Yoritomo ignores the imperial court and gives the samurai territories and positions in order to solve the two problems of the Gokenin mentioned above.
Then 1183 Allow the imperial court to rule the East , Right to appoint guardians and priests By allowing the court to approve, actions such as the relief of the Gokenin's territory and the awarding of official positions will be officially recognized by the imperial court.
In this way, after the turmoil of Genpei War, the system of the Kamakura Shogunate was completed by the court official recognition by the gratitude and service centered on the eastern country.
Minamoto no Yoshitsune, the victim of gratitude and service
This thanks and service This system is based on the win-win relationship between Minamoto no Yoritomo and the Gokenin, and if either one does not feel the benefits of this mechanism, the relationship between the two will soon collapse.
The Kamakura Shogunate was destroyed by Mongol invasion This is because the gratitude and service of the cause went bankrupt.
https://rekisi-daisuki.com/entry/2017-11-04-231645
Minamoto no Yoritomo always grasps the relationships, personalities, weaknesses, etc. between the Gokenins and devotes himself to eliminating the dissatisfaction of the Gokenins so that the Gokenins can feel the gratitude and the merits of the service. Those who disturbed this system did not forgive even if they were allies.
It was Minamoto no Yoshitsune who was the victim of that gratitude and service. was.
Yoshitsune also served the imperial court at his own discretion, despite his brother Yoritomo, who bundles the gokenins. However, in order to establish a system of gratitude and service, the gokenin must not serve other than Yoritomo.
Serving the two monarchs diminishes the gratitude and service benefits that the Gokenin feels, and the Gokenin may betray. Minamoto no Yoritomo's younger brother, Yoshitsune, took the initiative in an act that could destroy the foundation of the Kamakura Shogunate system.
Minamoto no Yoritomo, who saw this seriously, 1189 in order not to create the cause of the collapse of the Shogunate anymore. Oshu Battle to subdue Minamoto no Yoshitsune I beat it at.
Specific example of gratitude from Kamakura-dono to the family
Grace is Kamakura-dono [ Shogun of the Kamakura Shogunate ] Refers to the reward given to the Gokenins.
There are two types of things that Kamakura-dono gives to the Gokenin.
- Relief of the main territory [Honryo Ando] ... The general guarantees the control of the ancestral territory of the Gokenin
- New grace salary [Shionkyuyo] ... Giving a new territory to the Gokenin
The method is [ give land directly to the gokenin Instead of [ Appointing to be the priest who entrusts the management of the fixed land ] It was done in a slightly different way from the image.
- Real relief ... Appoint to the Jito of the area where the Gokenin lived for a long time.
- New grace salary ... Appoint a gokenin to the Jito of the new world.
Management right (appointment) of this territory That is the miso, and if you are dismissed from the Jito position, you will be just a person. And the right to appoint Jito is Shogun [Kamakura-dono] Because it was owned by the Gokenin, it is now necessary for the Gokenin to serve the Shogun in order to maintain his status.
Dedicated to Kamakura-dono from the Gokenin
Service Refers to working for the shogun in return for his gratitude.
Because the gratitude and the service were made during the rebellion of Genpei War, [ service =fighting with Minamoto no Yoritomo ] Was meant.
When the Heike clan was destroyed and the world of Genji was reached, the service was carried out in three ways.
- Gun'yaku at the time of the war
- Kyoto Daiban'yaku
- Kamakura Ban'yaku
Military service when there was a battle
When Minamoto no Yoritomo was alive, there weren't many battles, but after his death, he was Jokyu War in the Kamakura Shogunate. And Mongol invasion There was a big battle such as. At that time, the Gokenin fight for the Kamakura Shogunate.
Kyoto Daiban role
This was my main job when there was no major war.
The main task is to protect the Imperial Palace of the Emperor and Emperor. Climb from Togoku to Kyoto and escort and guard the Imperial Palace for 6 months. This work was very burdensome for the Gokenin, and the institution was shortened to three months in the middle of the Kamakura period.
Kamakura Ban'yaku
Work to guard the Kamakura Shogunate. This is the Kamakura version of the role of Kyoto Daiban.
The beginning of the feudal system
The mechanism by which people form a master-slave relationship through the land, such as the gratitude and service of the Kamakura period, is also called the feudal system in historical terms.
Feudal system and gratitude / service is "thank you and service" ="one of the feudal systems" There is a relationship. There are many countries and regions in the world that have adopted the feudal system in a way different from gratitude and service.
With the establishment of the Kamakura Shogunate based on gratitude and service, the feudal system began in Japan and will continue for a long time until the Edo period.