World War I Balkan Peninsula , which was in a state of promptness at that time before moving to I will summarize the situation of.
The Balkan Peninsula Is located in the southeastern part of Europe, Greece And Bulgaria , Serbia , Montenegro It is an area that includes such things.
Originally this area was Ottoman Empire Was under the control of the Ottoman Empire since the beginning of the 19th century. With the decline, some areas became independent and self-governing. The frustration of each country and region over this independence and autonomy led to a major war.
About the Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire Is an Islamic state formed on the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Sultanate of Rum-Seljuk dynasty, and started in 1299 as one of the nations of the Anatolian Peninsula.
* The Bailek countries are also called the Principality, and occurred around the time when the Sultanate of Rum =Seljuk dynasty declined.
The Ottoman Empire is expanding its power one after another, expanding its territory to Europe and North Africa.
From the Ottoman Empire (wikipedia) "Expansion of the Ottoman Empire"
However, the desperation of the prosperous people has not changed in the country and the times. Looseness began to appear in the court from the time of Suleiman the Magnificent (16th century), who built the heyday of the Ottoman Empire. Frequent changes in the Chancellor who supported politics and political disputes by the mothers and mothers of the monarchs led to the loss of politics.
Age of Discovery and Changes in Ottoman Financial Burden
In addition to the turmoil in domestic affairs, the Age of Discovery from the mid-15th century When the New World and the mines there were discovered, prices soared due to the large influx of silver.
The military burden required to govern a wide area will be heavy, and the financial situation of the Ottoman Empire will become a chronic deficit. The economy worsens when poor quality silver coins are recast to cause credit instability in order to manage to eliminate extreme inflation and budget deficits. After all, this turmoil continues until the 17th century.
I rebuilt this and expanded the print even further than the territory of the Suleiman era. .. ..
In the midst of several clashes with the Habsburg monarchy, a European male who had been adjacent to each other for some time, the two Chancellors of the Ottoman Empire who expanded the print (each son-in-law) Second Vienna Siege Network Forcing (1683), Great Turkish War It evolved into (1683-1699).
In this war the Ottoman Empire is Holy Alliance Lost to (Holy Roman Empire, Polish-Lithuanian Republic, Republic of Venice, later alliance with Russia), taking this opportunity
- Austria is the key to revival
- The Ottoman Empire is declining
will continue.
* The Holy Roman Empire is a territorial state like a powerful country ruled by princes. And imperial city In the country where the emperors gathered, the emperor was elected from among the princes at a certain time. Eventually, the Habsburgs were the leading princes who were almost hereditarily elected emperors, and Austria is the central region owned by the Habsburgs.
Collision with Russia
Great Turkish War Russia later joined the Holy Alliance. In fact, in Russia, tsar is strong during this period. Was born. Peter the Great (Reign:1682-1725).
In the battle between Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which formed part of the Great Turkish War (Russian War), he seized the Azov Sea, a part of the Black Sea, and then conquered the Baltic Sea in another war. Peter the Great thought that it was important to secure the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean route. Succeeded in gaining supremacy in the Swedish-Baltic Sea area as expected.
Thus to the European powers Peter the Great Raised Russia and took up its position after the death of Peter the Great Tsar We also aim to expand trade southward policy I will raise.
In this way, Russia and the Ottoman Empire, which started the southward policy, began to clash many times.
Activation of national movement
In the 17th and 18th centuries, there were many other wars, including the Great Turkish War. If there is a war, fiscal mobilization will be inevitable. In particular, those who lose are likely to have a worsening financial situation due to payment of compensation or acquisition of territory.
In addition, it becomes easier for science and technology to develop if there is a war. It is natural that new discoveries will be made by researching and devising ways to outperform the other party.
Against this background, Scientific Revolution Happened in Europe. Thoughts for the scientific revolution have also developed modern philosophy Also begins to rise.
Eventually absolute monarchy Enlightenment thought that "human possibilities are expanded by reason" from modern philosophy in Europe where was common sense Is born.
As this idea develops, there is an idea to deny the feudal society, "Isn't the existing values irrational?" "Isn't it necessary to replace the existing values with rational ones?" became.
As the Enlightenment develops further, "let's free the individual from being held in a feudal position" liberalism Thoughts are also born.
It was the French Revolution that tried to realize this idea. .. France is attacked by neighboring countries because the aristocrats called on each country to asylum and overthrow the revolutionary government. It was Napoleon that saved such a predicament in France. was.
Napoleon who wins a series of battles while being suppressed by the surrounding countries People are enthusiastic and become "our country is amazing!" And "our people are amazing!" Morale will increase if there is a sense of unity between the country and the people in the war. Nationalism And nationalism The way of thinking of was beginning to grow stronger.
Eventually Napoleon was exiled, but Vienna regime tried to suppress his ideas such as liberalism and nationalism. Even if it is built, it cannot be completely eliminated and will spread throughout Europe.
The destination of the spread included the Balkan Peninsula. The Ottoman Empire was beginning to decline So Greek War of Independence Independence movements and rebellions occur in various regions including the beginning. These territorial and ethnic issues are Eastern issues Is called.
It was the Russian Empire that helped this series of independence. .. Russia Napoleonic Wars At that time, he saw other European countries and was aware of his own backwardness, and he focused on trade to further strengthen the economy and implemented a southward policy, affecting the territory of the declining Ottoman Empire. I was trying to put it.
Ottoman Empire's dependence on Europe
In the 18th century, parts of the Balkan Peninsula, which was under the control of the Ottoman Empire, began to become independent (with the cooperation of Russia). Other powers who sometimes saw Russia as dangerous could support the Ottoman Empire.
Here comes another big change that happened in the 18th century. Industrial Revolution is.
The Industrial Revolution first took place in England and gradually spread throughout Europe. The Ottoman Empire, which had received support from the great powers of Europe, realized the advancedness of the countries that underwent the Industrial Revolution.
That's why the Ottoman Empire, who said, "It shouldn't be the same," borrows money from the great powers and incorporates advanced knowledge, techniques, and systems.
The deepening of exchanges between Europe and the Ottoman Empire in this way strengthens economic ties. A monoculture economy that exports certain raw materials to Europe, which is mass-produced in the Industrial Revolution, as a result of trade with economic disparities. I was addicted to the swamp.
Not only did he borrow a lot of money, but in a sense it was like a colony in the economy.
On the other hand, mass production will be carried out in many countries such as Europe, so that the products will be slack. Even if you make it, if it doesn't sell, you can't make money and you'll fall into recession. The Ottoman Empire was also in recession, pulled by the recession of its trading partners.
The epidemic of imperialism
Imperialism What is
It means.
The word itself has been used since the latter half of the 19th century, but it is said that the acquisition of Asian, Indian, and American territories by Western countries in the 15th and 18th centuries was also an imperialist era.
Industrial Revolution After that, when there was no place to sell goods due to the economic downturn, and when there was no place to invest, the place where money went was the strengthening of military power. Expanding the market with the increased military power. .. .. Imperialism aimed at expanding the colony We have entered the era of.
Balkan Wars (1912-1914)
From the above circumstances, the great powers of Europe are heading toward the expansion of their territories. The Balkan Peninsula has become one of the targets for territorial expansion (especially Austria and Russia) due to its declining and familiar location.
This is " European powder magazine It is the background that came to be called.
Eventually, after several events, two wars on the Balkan Peninsula [ Balkan War ] Is outbreak. The conflict between the Balkans will deepen further, a crisis situation will be fostered, and World War I will be imminent.
It's going to be long, so I'll summarize the Balkan Wars in the next World History article.