1. Knapping: This was the most common method. A rock, often flint or obsidian, was struck with another rock to create sharp flakes. These flakes were then shaped and used as tools, such as scrapers, knives, and spearheads.
2. Pecking and Grinding: This method was used to create smooth, polished tools. A rock was pecked with another rock to remove large pieces, and then it was ground with a fine abrasive material, such as sand, to create a smooth surface.
3. Antler and Bone Tools: These were made from the antlers and bones of animals. Antlers and bones were shaped and sharpened to create tools such as scrapers, awls, and needles.
4. Wood Tools: Hunter-gatherers also used wood to make tools, such as digging sticks, clubs, and bows and arrows. Wood was shaped and sharpened using stone tools or by burning.
Other Materials:
1. Leather: This was made from animal skins and was used to make clothing, bags, and other containers.
2. Plant Fibers: These were used to make rope, baskets, and mats.
3. Clay: This was used to make pottery and other containers.