* Compass: This instrument was used to determine direction by aligning its magnetic needle with the Earth's magnetic field.
* Cross-staff: This instrument was used to measure the angle between two objects, such as the sun and the horizon.
* Lead line: This rope was marked with knots at regular intervals, and it was used to measure the depth of the water.
* Log line: This rope was marked with knots at regular intervals, and it was used to measure the speed of the ship.
* Octant: This instrument was used to measure the angle between two objects, such as the sun and the horizon. It was more accurate than the cross-staff.
* Quadrant: This instrument was used to measure the angle between two objects, such as the sun and the horizon. It was more accurate than the cross-staff and the octant.
* Sextant: This instrument was used to measure the angle between two objects, such as the sun and the horizon. It was the most accurate of all the instruments used by Hudson.
* Sounding lead: This weight was attached to a rope, and it was used to measure the depth of the water.