Magnetic compass: This device, which had been in use for centuries, helped the explorers to determine their direction.
Quadrant: This instrument, which was similar to the astrolabe, allowed the explorers to determine the altitude of celestial objects.
Cross-staff: This instrument allowed the explorers to determine the angle between two objects.
Firearms: These weapons gave the explorers a significant advantage over the Native American tribes they encountered.
Horses: These animals allowed the explorers to travel much more quickly and efficiently.
Ships: The ships that the explorers used were able to carry large amounts of supplies and people, and they were also able to withstand long journeys.
Other equipment: The explorers also brought with them a variety of other equipment, including maps, clocks, and food.