(ENEM - 2012) With the electronic text, finally, a very old dream of humanity seems to be within reach of our eyes and hands, which could be summarized in two words, universality and interactivity. The Enlightenment, who thought that Gutenberg had given men a universal promise, cultivated a mode of utopia. They imagined being able, from the private practices of each one, to build a space for the critical exchange of ideas and opinions. Kant's dream was for everyone to be both a reader and an author, to make judgments about the institutions of his time, whatever they were, and at the same time to be able to reflect on the judgment made by others. What was once allowed only by handwritten communication or the circulation of printed matter finds today a powerful support with the electronic text. (CHARTIER. Roger. The Adventure of the Book:From Reader to Browser. São Paulo:Official Press of the State of São Paulo:Unesp, 1998.)
In the excerpt presented, the sociologist Roger Chartier characterizes the electronic text as a powerful support that puts within the reach of humanity the ancient dream of universality and interactivity, since each one becomes, in this space of social interaction, reader and author at the same time. The universality and interactivity that electronic text makes possible are directly related to the social function of the internet by:
a) provide free and immediate access to information and the exchange of judgments.
b) globalize the information network and democratize access to knowledge.
c) expand interpersonal relationships and give visibility to personal interests.
d) provide entertainment and access to products and services.
e) expand advertising channels and mercantile space.
question 2One of the great long-term effects of Gutenberg's invention of the printing press was:
a) The rewind of silent reading.
b) The retraction of interest in religious matters.
c) The cooling of the Protestant Reformation.
d) The spread of reading.
e) The dissemination of writing on clay tablets.
Question 3Read the text:“For the long-term development of Protestantism, Luther's Bible translation was even more important than his pamphlets. […] More than 80% of the German-language books published in the year 1532 […] dealt with church reform. […] They have been described, with some exaggeration, as a 'mass medium'.” (BURKE, Peter and BRIGGS, Asa. A social history of the media:from Gutenberg to the Internet. Rio de Janeiro:Jorge Zahar, 2004.)
Starting from the text, it can be said that:
a) the invention of the printing press, associated with Luther's translation of the Bible into German, caused a great spread of Protestantism in Germany.
b) the press played no important role in the spread of Lutheranism.
c) Protestantism viewed the press with antipathy, given that reading the Bible was not important for the dissemination of the faith.
d) the invention of printing only had an impact within Germany, not spreading to other countries.
e) the books that circulated in Germany, although abundant, were all written in Latin.
question 4Note the following text:“ In the East, no doubt, movable characters are known; In fact, they were invented and used there long before Gutenberg:baked clay characters are already used in China in the 11th century and, in the 13th century, in Korea, texts are printed with metallic characters. But, unlike in the West after Gutenberg, the use of movable characters in the East remains limited, discontinuous, confiscated by the emperor or monasteries, which, even so, does not mean the absence of a large-scale print culture.” (CHARTIER, Roger. From code to monitor:the trajectory of writing . Study av . 1994, vol.8, n.21, pp. 185-199. ISSN 0103-4014.)
According to the text:
a) The technological revolution of printing was first made in China.
b) Gutenberg appropriated the oriental typographic structure and disseminated it in the West.
c) Although there was a printing technique in the East, the revolution that Gutenberg would carry out in the West was not possible there, due to cultural limitations.
d) The Chinese transported printing technology to the West.
e) The movable type of Gutenberg's press depended on Chinese maintenance.
answers Question 1Letter A
The invention of the press triggered all the progress in the area of information dissemination and the interactivity of knowledge and judgments, as highlighted by the official answer of Enem regarding the question:“Universality can be understood as the free access that the internet provides to varied information. Interactivity, in turn, concerns the fact that its users can not only access information, but also post their opinions to other users, thus establishing an exchange of judgments.”
Question 2Letter D
As the printing press invented by Gutenberg had the ability to replicate, on a large scale, a particular book, the diffusion of reading was a consequence of this, given that there was, in the 16th century, especially in Germany , a demand for books on subjects related to Lutheranism.
Question 3Letter A
Luther translated the Bible from Latin into German and this translation was supported by the movable type press, which began to massively produce codices with the sacred text. This fact changed the history of Christianity, as it spread Protestantism - first in Germany, then in the rest of Europe.
Question 4Letter C
The technological revolution of the press, promoted by Gutenberg, depended on the political conditions that the conjuncture of the German kingdoms, at the time, offered it. The replica of texts with movable type became a typically Western practice because, unlike the East, in the Modern Age period, the West had disseminated the practice of silent reading, and the development of national languages, such as German, helped to publication of books with greater public reception.