The difficulties mentioned were encountered, among others, by:
* The European Court of Human Rights in judgments delivered on 7 November 2006 (see, e.g., the Baka Case against Hungary of 23 June 2016[8]), 8 February 2012 (G. and F. against Italy), 4 April 2013 (M.K. and Others Against Poland), 3 September 2014 (M.A.B. v Greece);
* The United Nations Committee for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination when adopting a general recommendation No. 35 on prevention of racial profiling (51st session);[9]
* The Venice Commission (the Advisory Council’s subsidiary body) in “Report on national legislation and practice as concerns racial profiling”(CDL-AD(2021)044 final[10] ).