- Archaeology: The study of human culture through the excavation and analysis of artifacts and other material remains. Archaeological evidence can provide insights into past human behavior, technology, and social organization.
- Paleontology: The study of ancient life forms through the analysis of fossils. Paleontological evidence can provide information about past climate, geography, and the evolution of life.
- Geology: The study of the Earth's history and structure. Geological evidence can provide clues to past changes in climate, sea level, and landforms, which can impact human populations
- Dendrochronology: The study of tree rings. Tree rings can provide information about past climate and environmental conditions.
- Genetics: The study of genes and inheritance. Genetic evidence can be used to trace human migration patterns and evolutionary relationships.
- Linguistics: The study of language. Linguistic evidence can be used to infer the relationships between different human populations.