Exploration and Discovery:
- Ferdinand Magellan's expedition, led by Juan Sebastian Elcano, completed the first circumnavigation of the world, returning to Spain after three years.
Religious Events:
- The German reformer Martin Luther gave a speech known as the "Second Wittenberg Sermon," in which he criticized the Roman Catholic Church's practices and beliefs, leading to the spread of the Protestant Reformation.
Political Changes:
- The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V formed an alliance with Pope Adrian VI, known as the Treaty of Nuremberg, to defend their interests against the Ottomans and the Protestant forces.
Artistic Achievements:
- The Italian Renaissance artist Raphael died in Rome at the age of 37, leaving behind a remarkable legacy of paintings, frescoes, and architectural designs.
Conquests and Empires:
- The Aztec emperor Cuauhtémoc was captured by Spanish conquistadors, marking the fall of the Aztec Empire and the beginning of Spanish rule in Mexico.
- The Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, conquered the island of Rhodes from the Knights Hospitaller, further expanding Ottoman territories.
Technological Innovations:
- The English mathematician Robert Recorde published "The Grounde of Artes," which introduced the use of the equals sign (=) in mathematical equations.
Social Changes:
- In England, the House of Commons gained prominence, asserting its power and authority in the government.
Natural Disasters:
- A major earthquake hit the Greek island of Rhodes, damaging fortifications and buildings, including the Palace of the Grand Masters.