1099: The First Crusade begins as Christian forces lay siege to Jerusalem, which is controlled by the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate.
1248: The first recorded instance of the game of bowls is held in Southampton, England.
1458: The Council of Basel, a general council of the Catholic Church, ends without accomplishing any significant reforms.
1480: Leonardo da Vinci begins painting "The Mona Lisa."
1783: The Congress of the Confederation ratifies the Treaty of Paris, officially ending the American Revolutionary War and recognizing the independence of the United States.
1799: The Rosetta Stone, a stele inscribed with the same text in three different scripts (hieroglyphic, demotic, and Greek), is discovered by French soldiers near the Egyptian town of Rosetta.
1815: Napoleon Bonaparte surrenders to British forces on the warship Bellerophon, marking the end of his reign as emperor of France.
1918: The Second Battle of the Marne begins on the Western Front during World War I. The battle is a decisive victory for the Allied forces, marking the turning point of the war.
1927: The first successful rocket flight is achieved in Waltham, Massachusetts, by American engineer Robert Goddard.
1944: The first V-2 rocket attack on London is carried out by Nazi Germany. The attacks continue until March 1945, causing significant damage and casualties.
1948: The South Korean Army is established.
1969: Apollo 11, the first manned mission to the moon, is launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida, United States.
1976: The Summer Olympics open in Montreal, Canada, amid significant political boycotts by numerous African countries.
1997: Gianni Versace, an Italian fashion designer, is murdered outside his Miami Beach mansion by Andrew Cunanan.
2016: A failed military coup attempt takes place in Turkey, with soldiers attempting to overthrow the government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
2018: France wins its second FIFA World Cup, defeating Croatia 4-2 in the final match held in Moscow, Russia.