- In 1814, the Charter and the Restoration established a constitutional monarchy; but the high quota left little room for democracy, especially since Louis XVIII, faced with the Hundred Days, had been uncompromising against the Bonapartists and the Republicans.
- Between 1816 and 1820, the liberals were in the majority in the chamber, but very quickly, the ultras (royalists) took over and the monarchy tried to assert itself.
- Charles X succeeded Louis XVIII in 1824 and wanted to anchor the regime. He launched military campaigns and approached the Church. In 1830, the king thought he was sure of his seat, but the liberal deputies sent him the "address of the 221" where they criticized his ultra government:Charles X dissolved the chamber, but still found himself with a liberal majority.
- On July 26, 1830, the king published the Ordinances of Saint-Cloud, which suppressed the freedom of the press, restored censorship and restricted the right to vote. It calls a new vote for the Assembly.
July 27, 28 and 29, 1830
Characters
Charles X
Adolphe Thiers
Auguste Viesse de Marmont
Louis-Philippe d'Orleans
Procedure
The journalists (among them Adolphe Thiers) are the first to respond, refusing to apply the new dissolution of the Assembly.
On July 27, four newspapers decided to ignore the orders and published a protest, signed by 44 journalists. The king sends 12,000 men, led by Marshal Marmont, to prevent the publication of these newspapers, triggering the first riot. The movement spread throughout Paris and citizens took up arms.
The night of July 27 to 28, Paris is covered with barricades:the riot becomes a revolution.
As the day of July 28 progressed, many soldiers passed over to the side of the insurgents, so that they were better and better armed and Marmont's troops were exhausted.
On the morning of July 29, Paris fell to the revolutionaries.
Consequences
- On July 30, Charles X and his court retired to Rambouillet; on the same day, the Liberals, united behind Thiers, called Louis-Philippe d'Orléans (cousin of Louis XVI) to power.
- Louis Philippe had voted for the death of Louis XVI in 1793 and refused to fight against the revolutionaries. The favorite of the Liberals, who raises the tricolor, claims to unite monarchy and Republic under a revised Charter.
- Charles X abdicated on August 2, 1830 in favor of Louis-Philippe:this marked the beginning of the July Monarchy.