Judaism has had both positive and negative effects on the role of women. While early Rabbinic texts emphasized monogamy and women's autonomy in legal, spiritual, and economic arenas, gender disparity in Jewish law is rooted in a hierarchical framework in which males are perceived as superior or the default in certain religious rituals, rights, and privileges. While many Jewish groups advocate for inclusive practices, others uphold traditional perspectives limiting women's involvement in religious rituals and leadership. Women were not allowed to lead services or read from the Torah in traditional settings, yet some modern and progressive denominations ordain women as rabbis, recognizing Jewish pluralism in interpreting traditions to foster gender equality.