Ieyasu Tokugawa opens the Edo Shogunate, second generation Hidetada 1615 To take control of the samurai In addition, Buke Shohatto I have set a rule called.
We are familiar with [ law ] Is [ law ] Is a polite word used to say what is forbidden or what should not be done.
This time, I would like to delve a little deeper into these Buke Shohatto and write them in an easy-to-understand manner.
What are the Buke Shohatto?
As I mentioned earlier, in 1615, during the time of Hidetada, the second shogun of the Edo Shogunate, in order to control the samurai who were vassals, [ things to protect and prohibit The law that stipulates [ Buke Shohatto 】Is called.
The Buke Shohatto changed in general, and was revised according to the times and circumstances, and was operated until the Edo Shogunate was destroyed. The only Shogun Tokugawa who did not revise the Buke Shohatto except Ieyasu was the 7th Shogun Ietsugu and the 15th Shogun Yoshinobu.
With the revision of the Buke Shohatto of each shogun, it is necessary to pay attention to [ Buke ] The target range has changed. In the era until the 5th shogun Tsunayoshi, [ samurai =daimyo ], But this Tsunayoshi expanded the range of the samurai, [ samurai =daimyo, hatamoto, gokenin 】It was made.
Background and purpose of the Buke Shohatto
After winning the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, Ieyasu Tokugawa became a shogun in 1603 and opened the shogunate in Edo. However, Ieyasu handed over the shogunate to Hidetada in 1605.
This is not Ieyasu's retreat, but [ Ogosho ], I took control of politics.
This [ Ogosho ] Also existed in the era of the 11th Shogun Ienari, and lasted for 50 years. This is [ Ogosho era ] It seems that it is called.
Ieyasu Tokugawa handed over the shogunate to his son Hidetada [ Edo Shogunate belongs to the Tokugawa family ] [ Shogun is inherited by the Tokugawa family ] I declared the fact to the world. At that time, Hideyoshi's child, Toyotomi Hideyori , was in Osaka. Existed and had a great influence on Toyotomi's veteran daimyo.
However, when the Toyotomi clan was destroyed by the Osaka summer camp in 1615, he tried to create a political system of Tokugawa Ichigo in earnest. One of the policies is [ Buke Shohatto ] Was announced.
Purpose of the Buke Shohatto
The Tokugawa clan, who destroyed the Toyotomi clan, which is the hump above them, summarized the prohibitions for each daimyo so that the daimyo in each region would not rebel in order to stabilize and maintain the administration. [ Buke Shohatto ] Has been announced.
1615 In addition, Ieyasu Tokugawa, who destroyed the Toyotomi clan in the summer camp of Osaka, immediately gathered various daimyo and issued 13 samurai laws for daimyo control in the form of the life of Hidetada, who was a shogun at that time.
The main purpose was to encourage literary martial arts and frugality, and it also included a permit system for marriage between daimyo and restrictions on governance within the territory.
If you violate this, you will be punished, and at the beginning, Tozama Daimyo [ especially Toyotomi veteran daimyo ] Was targeted, but the Fudai Daimyo was similarly severely punished.
With such severe punishment, the military and financial power of each daimyo was weakened, the power to revolt against the Tokugawa Shogunate was cut off, and the government was sought to stabilize.
Contents of the Buke Shohatto
1615 The first Buke Shohatto [ Genna decree ] Is issued by Ieyasu, who was a great figure, in the name of Shogun Hidetada. The rules of 13 articles were shown, and the following things were written.
Buke Shohatto [Genna Ordinance] Modern translation version- Daimyo strive to improve their scholarship and martial arts.
- Don't drink or play in large numbers.
- Do not hide those who violate the law from the country.
- If there are criminals in your country, you have to get rid of them.
- Do not let people from other countries live in your territory.
- A notification is required when repairing a castle, and new construction is strictly prohibited.
- If anyone tries to do something suspicious in a neighboring country, report it.
- Daimyo does not promise to marry without permission of the Shogunate.
- Sankin-kotai At that time, I will not take more vassals than I have decided.
- Make sure that you don't mistake the difference between the top and bottom of your clothes.
- A low-ranking person must not ride in the basket without permission.
- The samurai must try to be frugal.
- Daimyo should appoint capable people to carry out good politics.
I omitted the original text and wrote it in an easy-to-understand manner.
Next, I would like to take an excerpt of the direct text that the Edo Shogunate will reduce the power of each daimyo and explain it together with the original text.
① Daimyo strive to improve their scholarship and martial arts.
" Bunbu Yuma no Michi, exclusive taste "Is the original text, and since it is a samurai who is a daimyo and the basic principle is to protect the country, it also means that academics should practice martial arts every day.
⑥ A notification is required when repairing a castle, and new construction is strictly prohibited.
" The residences of the nations, the eggplants that should be repaired, be sure to say. Is the original text. The construction of a new castle was prohibited, and the castle could not be repaired without the permission of the Shogunate.
Perhaps a month before the Buke Shohatto was issued in connection with this article, the Shogunate said, " Law of One Castle . Has also been announced [ one castle for each daimyo ], And made sure not to have many castles.
This also reduced the military power of each daimyo family.
⑧ Daimyo does not promise to marry without permission of the Shogunate.
" I shouldn't marry me This article, which was written in the original text, prohibited the marriage of convenience between daimyo without the permission of the Shogunate. Marriage deepened the sense of solidarity between daimyo and prevented the formation of opposition forces that threatened the shogunate.
The daimyo who violated the Buke Shohatto was confiscated and severely punished, including the confiscation of the clan and the change of country to move the territory to another place. Above all, in the notification system for repairs of the castle, Toyotomi's veteran vassal, Fukushima Masanori It is said that it also led to the reform of the samurai, and this violation of the Buke Shohatto was used as the reason for the reduction and revision of many daimyo.
Amendment of Buke Shohatto
Not limited to the old days, the law is amended, revised, or added according to the situation at that time. The Buke Shohatto is no exception, and successive Tokugawa generals have made various changes.
Take the era name at that time and make an amendment [ ○○ decree ] Is called.
Amendment of the 3rd Shogun Iemitsu, Buke Shohatto (Kanei Ordinance)
1635 Was announced to 3rd Shogun Tokugawa Iemitsu Revision of the Buke Shohatto ( Kanei Ordinance ).
At this time, 19 articles are shown, and it is prohibited to have a large ship with 500 stones or more [ Prohibition of building a large ship ] And [ Sankin-kotai ] Institutionalization was included.
Main revision items of the Buke Shohatto [Kanei Ordinance]- Daimyo and Shomyo determine the shift work between their territory and Edo. Participate in April every year. The number of offerings is very large these days, and it is a burden on the territory and the people. In the future, reduce the number to the appropriate number. However, in the case of Joraku, as prescribed, the role should be appropriate for your status.
- Clan lord, castle lord, territory of 10,000 stones or more, recent lessons, head Must not marry without permission of the Shogunate.
- Gifts, gifts, wedding ceremonies, banquets and mansion construction have become more brilliant these days, so simplify them in the future. Frugality in other things as well thing.
- Do not build a ship with more than 500 masonry.
I have extracted a part of the text that I was interested in.
The aforementioned [ Sankin-kotai ] Is institutionalized and permission for marriage is clearly stated such as the feudal lord, the castle lord, and the territory 〇〇. He also sings to try to be frugal.
The last ship with more than 500 stones, but this is 1609 Ban on building large ships for Western daimyo Was issued, and there was a law that confiscated warships and merchant ships with more than 500 stones and restricted the power of the water force.
This is stated in the Buke Shohatto nationally prohibited It was decided to do.
Please refer to the separate article for details on the change of attendance.
Order to revise the Buke Shohatto of the 4th Shogun and Ietsuna [Kanbun Ordinance]
In the era of the 4th Shogun Ietsuna, the direction of politics was cracking down on daimyo with force and power [ military politics ], Trying to inspire and govern people's hearts through scholarship and Confucianism [ Bunji politics ] Has changed.
The change in the direction of politics also affected the Buke Shohatto.
1663 In Japan, we promulgated the Buke Shohatto, which consists of 21 articles called the Kanbun Ordinance.
This amendment Christianity is banned Around this time, at the Nagasaki Magistrate's Office, Fumi-e Was done. In addition, although it was considered a virtue to chase after the Lord, it was oral but banned because the successor who was capable in each daimyo lost his life and the clan was not stable. it was done.
In this way, the martial arts politics that robbed the domain of stability was renewed, and discussion and law-oriented civil politics By the conversion of, the control system of the daimyo was prepared.
Buke Shohatto of the 5th Tsunayoshi [Tenna Ordinance]
1683 Buke Shohatto [ Tenna Ordinance ] Was a revision that strongly expressed the politics of civilization from the time of Ietsuna.
First of all, murderous death, which was prohibited by mouth, was added to the text in earnest Prohibited and expanded the scope of the Buke Shohatto not only to daimyo but also to Hatamoto / Gokenin Did.
Unlike the early Edo period, when the training of martial arts such as equestrian and bow was emphasized in the flow from the Warring States period, Tsunayoshi made changes from the former Japanese decree by respecting scholarship, loyalty, and filial piety based on the idea of Confucianism. We have made changes to Article 1 that never happened.
This change is [ Bunbu Yuma no Michi, exclusive taste ] ⇒ [ Encourage Tadataka Buntake and be polite ], And instead of training in martial arts as in the past, scholarship and etiquette should be emphasized from now on.
Buke Shohatto after that
Bunji politics in Tsunayoshi's time The Buke Shohatto of the Tenna Ordinance, which was strongly influenced by the above, was integrated and reduced from 21 to 15 articles.
After Tsunayoshi, 1710 6th Shogun, Ienobu Tokugawa Is [ Masanori Ordinance ] Is promulgated by the Buke Shohatto, prohibiting the favor and bribery of officials It was a big revision. Bribery politics settled 1717 During the Tokugawa Yoshimune era, Kyoho Ordinance Tsunayoshi's [ Tenna Ordinance was promulgated by the Buke Shohatto. ] It was returned to.
This Buke Shohatto continues until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, but the content is based on the [Tenna Ordinance] issued by Tsunayoshi, and there have been no major changes since then.
I have introduced martial arts politics and civil politics in other articles, so please refer to them if you like.
Distinction from Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto
As a law similar to the Buke Shohatto, the actions of the emperor and the Kuge were restricted. ] Has been announced.
Forbidden means the emperor, [ Tenshi is the first thing to learn ] In other words, the emperor and the officials were prevented from being involved in politics by advancing scholarship and waka poetry that are not related to politics.
For this reason, the Tokugawa family continued to rule for 260 years by issuing a law to the Emperor family, which has the potential to threaten the rule of the Edo Shogunate.
Unlike the Buke Shohatto, the Kinchu narabini Kuge Shohatto was not revised until the end of the Tokugawa shogunate.