The rule of the Edo period is called the Bakuhan system, and the foundation was laid by the time of the third shogun, Iemitsu, in the early Edo period. This time, I will introduce this bakuhan system and the occupational system that was in the shogunate with illustrations as well as letters.
Structure of the Bakuhan system
Before the Toyotomi administration, villas and territories controlled by samurai were mixed, but after the Taiko kenchi, the location of the land became clear. The mansion is gone. Of course, that condition will continue even in the Edo period.
A system in which a shogun and a daimyo with strong sovereignty govern the land and the people in the form shown in the figure below Bakuhan system I call it.
* Chigyochi is the land given to those who have been submitted by a great person.
The total stone height in Japan is about 30 million stones.
- Direct control → Approximately 4 million stones
- All Hatamoto / Gokenin (mainly Hatamoto) → Approximately 3 million stones
- Daimyo nationwide → Approximately 22.5 million stones
- Temple and shrine territory → Approximately 400,000 stones
- Emperor / Kuge-ryō → Forbidden fee:30,000 stones / Kuge-ryō:70,000 stones
This much Kokudaka territory is paid. Certain rules were set by laws and regulations called the law.
By the way, the unit "stone" that comes out at Kokudaka is 150 kg.
In the case of a daimyo, he was given a land where he could get at least 1.5 million kg of rice. You have to work because you are paid.
When you imagine "politics", you can imagine things like deciding rules and national policies, but the original samurai's main part is military power and armed force. The daimyo was charged with military service according to Kokudaka, and during the war he was ordered by the shogun to go out, and during normal times he undertook the construction of castles and river construction.
What was the military service? ??
The military services imposed by Ishitaka on various daimyo are as follows (detailed Japanese history catalog, Yamakawa Shuppansha). The number of companions to bring, weapons, etc. were determined by Kokudaka.
There are some names that I can't hear, so I'll just summarize the parts that seem to have doubts.
- Piggybacking:A companion
- Lithium:Same as a spear
- Maguchitori:Induce the horse so that it does not go wild
- Small cargo:Carry luggage such as troops and ammunition. Sometimes it was a horse instead of a person.
- Sandwich box:A sandwich box is a box containing clothes for changing clothes
- Armor:In addition to armor, there are also books that say tōseigusoku and armor.
- Lithium:Lithium means "shoes" and "footwear"
* Because footwear tends to hurt in battle, we prepared a replacement. I didn't know if the swordsmanship written in the catalog was the role of sandals or swordsmanship, but it seems that both jobs are available.
| Kokudaka | Attendant | Samurai | Bow | gun | Spear | Tori Maguchi | Small load | Holding a box | Komochi | Shoes | others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 200 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 400 | 12 | 3 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||
| 600 | 15 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||
| 800 | 19 | 5 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Kokudaka | Attendant | On horseback | gun | bow | 鎗 | flag |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1,000 | 23 | 1 | 1 | 2 | ||
| 2,000 | 43 | 2 | 1 | 5 | ||
| 4,000 | 3 | 5 | 2 | 10 | 1 | |
| 8,000 | 7 | 15 | 10 | 20 | 2 | |
| 10,000 | 10 | 20 | 10 | 30 | 3 | |
| 40,000 | 45 | 120 | 30 | 70 | 8 | |
| 80,000 | 130 | 250 | 50 | 110 | 15 | |
| 100,000 | 170 | 350 | 60 | 150 | 20 |
In addition, there is only one daimyo's residence Law of One Castle , Buke Shohatto to control the daimyo By the time of the 3rd Shogun Iemitsu, the master-slave relationship between the shogun and various daimyo was established.
In this way, in the case of the Edo Shogunate, the intention to suppress the power of the daimyo by imposing changes of attendance (business trip from Kunimoto to Edo every year) and general contractors, including military service, can be seen and hidden. doing.
On the other hand, the fact that the daimyo spend money and improve the land leads to stability for the general public, and this stability further blossoms the culture of the general public and increases the literacy rate. It will lead to that.
Placement of daimyo
- Shinpan Daimyo:Daimyo of Tokugawa Ichimon such as Sanke
- Fudai Daimyo:Daimyo who was a vassal of Mr. Tokugawa from the beginning
- Tozama Daimyo:Daimyo according to before and after Sekigahara
As such, the daimyo was divided into Shinpan, Fudai, and Tozama Daimyo due to their close relationship with the shogun.
As you can see from the map, Shinpan and Fudai are located at key points, and influential Tozama Daimyo are located as far away as possible.
What kind of work did the shogunate do?
As mentioned above, in the Edo period, the difference between the daimyo and the Hatamoto / Gokenin, and the daimyo were also distinguished by the close relationship. Let's take a look at what kind of jobs such daimyo, hatamoto, and gokenin had.
Big role (Administrative position) and number It is divided into (military and police).
- How to play :Kanjo-bugyō, Machi-bugyō, Ometsuke, etc.
- Number :Oban, Shoin-ban, Kosho-gumi, etc.
Fudai Daimyo was selected for the position of "upper position" under the control of the shogun in the above figure. Among them, the elders who were placed in an emergency are appointed only from the four families of the fixed Fudai Daimyo.
Why is Fudai Daimyo? The question arises, but to put it simply,
Nothing is as noisy as relatives
Is it a place like that? In the Muromachi period, there was a case where the Ashikaga Shogunate quarreled with his relative Kantō Kubō and reduced the influence of the shogunate. Therefore, Shinpan Daimyo basically does not participate in the shogunate government.
That said, the Edo period has been around for more than 260 years, so the system will change. At the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, several Shinpan daimyo participated in the shogunate.
The other positions listed here are basically appointed by Hatamoto. There are various organizations under these positions, and it seems that Hatamoto and Gokenins who did not have a position worked in those organizations.
For example, in the security of Edo Castle, a group of 50 Hatamotos are organized and are used as Kosho-gumi and Shoin-ban.
Please refer to the main positions in the Edo period for detailed work contents.
As mentioned above, the Edo Shogunate established a control system while improving the bad points of the samurai government, and finally built a long-term government for 265 years.