The destruction of the Kamakura Shogunate was triggered by the defeat plan of Emperor Go-Daigo, and the situation was reversed when the influential gokenin Ashikaga Takauji betrayed the Shogunate.
In this way, when Emperor Go-Daigo began to establish a pro-government by the emperor, which he had longed for, the confrontation with Takauji, who was seeking to recreate the samurai government with this hand, became deeper.
This time, I would like to follow the flow from the establishment of the Muromachi Shogunate, the pro-government of Kenmu during the Muromachi period, to the destruction of the Shogunate.
It seems to be a long sentence because it is a mixture of flow and important words, but if you want to grasp the flow more easily, please refer to the flow of Japanese history (a fairly simplified one).
Kenmu Restoration and the establishment of the Muromachi Shogunate
Emperor Go-Daigo defeated the Kamakura Shogunate Is the long-sought emperor's pro-government [ Kenmu's pro-government 】let's start doing.
However, the result was a great deal of confusion, probably because the reforms were too urgent.
In addition, by prioritizing the distribution of the confiscated territories from the Kamakura Shogunate, the samurai's repulsion is strong, and the samurai who wish to revive the samurai government in just one year after the establishment of the Kenmu government will revolt.
Takauji Ashikaga, who saw this as an opportunity, Emperor Go-Daigo in 1335. Rebellion against.
Takauji, who raised soldiers, occupied Kyoto and opened the Muromachi Shogunate the following year.
It seemed that the Muromachi Shogunate was opened on a smooth sail, but the reality did not go so well.
It was Emperor Go-Daigo who should have been unpopular with the samurai, but since there were many samurai who tried to protect the emperor when the battle began, the authority of the emperor was still strong, and Takauji was once on the side of Emperor Go-Daigo. I have been defeated.
Realizing that it is not a good idea to turn the imperial court into an enemy, Takauji begins to consider using the imperial court.
Emperor Komyō was enthroned separately from Emperor Go-Daigo, and Emperor Kogon gave [ Inzen . ] If you can get it, [ I am fighting the Kenmu government at the order of the Emperor] You can get the cause.
At the imperial court, around this time, the Jimyoin line and the Daikakuji line were divided into fighting for succession to the throne, and the emperor was built alternately as a breakthrough. Therefore, Takauji set up the [Northern Court] with the emperor of the Jimyoin line, who was in conflict with Emperor Go-Daigo.
On the other hand, Emperor Go-Daigo will escape to Yoshino [ Southern Court . ] Will be caused.
In this way, the [ Nanbokucho era since the beginning of Japanese history, where two imperial courts exist at the same time. ] Has begun.
Northern and Southern Dynasties ... 1336 (1333) -1392 (early Muromachi period)
Yoshino in the south of Kyoto Emperor Go-Daigo who escaped to Claims to be a legitimate emperor. As a result, Kyoto's Northern Court And Yoshino's Southern Court Conflict Northern and Southern Dynasties To happen.
The Southern Court on the side of Emperor Go-Daigo was vulnerable militarily, but it was still destroyed for 60 years because the interior of the Northern Court was always unstable.
The Northern Court, led by Takauji Ashikaga, who founded the Muromachi Shogunate, was engaged in diarchy with Takauji. Mr. Takauji was in charge of the military administration, but due to disagreements on policies and inheritance issues, it developed into a turmoil including his aides.
This is 1350 Disturbance of sensation is.
As a result, Ashikaga Tadayoshi was poisoned and the turmoil ended, but there was a time when the Southern Court regained power because the remaining Ashikaga Tadayoshi was attached to the Southern Court.
The Ashikaga administration was not always stable in this way, and the result was that the Southern Court lasted for more than half a century.
The golden age of the Muromachi Shogunate ... Unification of the North and South Dynasties by Yoshimitsu Ashikaga
It was the third shogun of the Muromachi Shogunate, Yoshimitsu Ashikaga , who put an end to this conflict between the North and South Dynasties. was.
In this era, more than 30 years after the death of Naoyoshi, the influence of the former Naoyoshi faction weakened, and Emperor Go-Daigo and his son, Emperor Go-Murakami, died and lost their power.
Rather, at this time, Yoshimitsu's worries were the existence of influential guardians owned by multiple countries.
Yoshimitsu became a shogun at the age of only 11, but he exerts his natural political power.
Eventually, the power of the guardian daimyo such as the influential guardian Ujikiyo Yamana and Yoshihiro Ouchi will be reduced, and he will be proud of his tremendous power.
On the other hand, when Emperor Go-Kameyama takes the throne after the moderate faction in the Southern Court, [ The Southern and Northern Courts will be alternated into the Emperor, so why not merge? ?? ], And after the Northern Court, he handed over the throne to Emperor Go-Komatsu in the form that the Southern Court drank this condition.
In this way, the merger of the Southern Court was successful in 1392, and the turmoil of the Northern and Southern Courts, which had been long since the establishment of the Shogunate, was put to an end. However, it seems that the promise that the Northern and Southern courts would alternately become emperors was immediately rebelled and was not kept.
Ashikaga Yoshimitsu's policy
Yoshimitsu, who unified the Northern and Southern Dynasties, is committed to raising the authority of the shogun of the Muromachi Shogunate.
Even though the power of the samurai increased, the authority of the imperial court was still alive in this era. Therefore, he tried to reduce the authority of the imperial court relatively by increasing his authority.
The water of the Kamo River was drawn into the garden [ Muromachi Palace ] And learned from the Emperor's palace [ Kinkakuji ] Was built to improve the authority of the shogun. In 1394, he was appointed as the highest-ranking minister of public affairs.
When he made a new effort to trade with Ming, he left the emperor behind [ King of Japan . ] And monopolized the gains from trade. In this way, the authority and power of the Muromachi Shogunate reached its peak in the Yoshimitsu era.
11 years of great war, Onin War
During this period, the common people had an autonomous character to resist the lords of the manor and protect the village from the war. Sou And Soumura A connection called is made. They were also armed with police and trials.
At first, he resisted the lords by using means such as complaints, gōso, and escape, but with the wide connection that he has in the region as a weapon, he started an armed uprising called Tsuchi-ikki.
The development of Soumura has made the lives of the citizens lively, and city A market called (6 times a month) has developed. The meals have become richer than before, and tea cultivation has started from two to three meals a day. However, seat It is said that the development of commerce and industry was hindered because there was an exclusive right to buy and sell goods in the area in return for paying the tax called, and there was a barrier, so it was not possible to buy and sell freely.
As a result, the lord of the manor and the nationals (samurai living in rural areas) are guardian daimyo . The power of the guardian daimyo will become stronger and stronger, but this Sou and Soumura will also become stronger enough to compete with the guardian daimyo.
On the other hand, the shogunate ...
The Muromachi Shogunate was at its peak during the Yoshimitsu era, and a peaceful era continued until the 4th generation Yoshimochi.
However, after the death of the 5th Shogun, Yoshinori, the power is buried in the surroundings as the place of power struggle of the guardian daimyo. The conflict between Katsumoto Hosokawa and Yutaka Yamana (Souzen), and the conflict between Shiba and Hatakeyama are Onin War . Will develop to.
Furthermore, around this time, the inheritance of the family and property changed from split inheritance to single inheritance . And completely changed. However, because the inherited person was not exactly determined as "who", the battle for status increased. As the number of conflicts between clans and vassals increases, the abilities of low-ranking people may be strengthened. So-called Shimogami The trend is getting stronger.
The Onin War started with the problem of succession to the Shogun family.
8th Shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa And his wife, Hino Tomiko Since he had no children, the couple nominated Yoshimasa's younger brother, Yoshimi, as the next shogun. However, when Tomiko has a boy, things change suddenly.
It seemed that Yoshimi didn't intend to become a shogun, but he couldn't pull back and Tomiko wanted to make his real child a shogun, so there was a fierce conflict between the two.
Tomiko is Toyomochi Yamana Yoshimi is Katsumoto Hosokawa I relied on the influential guardian daimyo to collide.
Around this time, the Kanrei Hatakeyama and Shiba also had a battle for successors, and each of them asked Yamana and Hosokawa for help, which made the situation uncollectible.
On the other hand, the party's general, Yoshimasa, was absorbed in his hobby without being involved in this conflict.
It goes without saying that Yoshimasa's indifference to politics was one of the causes of the 11-year Onin War, and in this battle Kyo was scorched and the authority of the Shogunate was lost.
The point so far is
- Northern and Southern Dynasties
- The era of Yoshimitsu Ashikaga, the third shogun (Kitayama culture) Kinkaku
- Yoshimasa Ashikaga (Higashiyama Culture) Ginkaku
- Onin War
I think it's good to remember in the flow.
The birth of the Sengoku daimyo and the destruction of the Muromachi Shogunate
The trend of Gekokujo becomes nationwide, and various daimyo who have gained abilities begin to fight.
There is a military commander / administrative officer dispatched from the shogunate to the region, and in the Kamakura period it was also called [guardian]. With the right to collect taxes from the mansion and the management of the land, that authority became greater, and the guardian himself made the ground a territory and became a guardian daimyo.
However, when the authority of the shogun is lost, the guardian daimyo who lost their backing are defeated one after another by the guardian lords and national lords who have strengthened instead. Those who have risen to daimyo on Gekokujo are Sengoku daimyo . Is called.
The only remaining guardian daimyo are the few such as Takeda, Imagawa, Otomo, and Shimazu, and in most of the regions, nationals and guardians will be established and will rule the land.
Introduction of guns
Around this time, the world was in the so-called Age of Discovery, and Kagoshima's Tanegashima Portugal arrives at Nanban Trade Begins. With the introduction of guns, the way of fighting up to that point will change dramatically.
The guns were brought to Japan in 1543, when two Portuguese on board a Chinese ship visited Tanegashima, and Tanegashima Tokitaka purchased the two guns they had. It is a common belief.
The gun that was accidentally transmitted in this way changed the battle method of the samurai and the castle construction method. The one-on-one combat between the Heian period and the Kamakura period was over, and before the introduction of guns, the Ashigaru group tactics were the mainstream, but as guns spread, the group battles with guns and ashigaru became more important.
Until the middle of the Warring States period, the castle was built on a mountain, but now a flat castle surrounded by a moat and a stone wall is being built.
Introducing Christianity
1549 Francis Xavier Therefore, it was Christianity that was conveyed.
It is said that he was paying attention to Japanese products in the background of the missionary's missionary Christianity.
Until the 15th century, Japan was an unattractive country for foreign countries. However, in the 16th century, it will be in the limelight worldwide as a silver producing country. With the development of [Iwami Ginzan], which is registered as a World Heritage Site, Japan has become one of the world's leading silver producing countries.
Portugal, who was fascinated by this, sent Christian missionaries as a starting lineup and used it as a foothold for trade.
Missionaries were welcome on the Japanese side as well.
Become a Christian in Kyushu [ Christian daimyo ] Was born, and many of them say that they were looking for the profits of Nanban trade. Also, at that time, Ikko-ikki and other Buddhist forces were struggling, so Nobunaga and Hideyoshi also protected missionaries and tried to restrain the Buddhist forces during the early days of the administration.
Oda Nobunaga and the Muromachi Shogunate are destroyed
It was [ Nobunaga Oda who won the first half of the Warring States period, which was divided into groups. 】was.
On a young day, [ Tsukemono Nobunaga was called, but only 20 years after he conquered Owari Province, he acquired a vast territory from a part of the Kanto region to the Chugoku region and built a foothold for the unification of the world.
In the process of unifying the world, Nobunaga devoted Yoshiaki Ashikaga as the 15th Shogunate of the Muromachi Shogunate to Tokyo. In this way, Nobunaga used the authority of the shogun to keep the world at his disposal, but he couldn't come to terms with Yoshiaki and was in conflict.
Yoshiaki Ashikaga, who confronted Nobunaga Oda, used the authority of the shogun to become a daimyo of each country. ] Will be promoted. He treated Yoshiaki politely by dispelling Yoshiaki's repeated siege nets, but at last he got out of hand and expelled the shogun's residence, Nijo Castle, and banished Kyoto.
Among researchers, there is a question about which Muromachi Shogunate was destroyed, but it is generally accepted that Yoshiaki Ashikaga was banished from Kyoto by Nobunaga Oda [ Muromachi Shogunate . ].
Please refer to this article for the destruction of the Muromachi Shogunate.