- Central Asia: Tang forces reconquered the Western Regions, which had been lost during the chaos at the end of the Han dynasty, including the Tarim Basin, Dzungaria, and parts of modern-day Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.
- Korea: The Tang fought several wars against the Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla. Goguryeo was eventually conquered in 668, leading to the unification of Korea under Silla with Tang support.
- Vietnam: The Tang conquered and ruled northern Vietnam for several decades, defeating the kingdom of Champa in the process.
- Turkic Khaganate: The Tang defeated and weakened the Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates, establishing a protectorate over the region and controlling the Silk Road trade routes.
Trade and Diplomacy
- Silk Road: The Tang fostered trade with Central and Western Asia, re-establishing the Silk Road as a major conduit for trade and cultural exchange.
- Diplomatic Relations: The Tang established tributary relations with neighboring countries and kingdoms, including Japan, Southeast Asian states, and Central Asian tribes, asserting its power and influence in the region.
- Cultural Exchanges: The Tang period was marked by significant cultural exchanges with other civilizations, including the reception of Buddhism from India, the spread of Chinese culture to Korea, Japan, and Central Asia, and interactions with Persia, the Arab world, and the Byzantine Empire.
Naval Power
- Maritime Expansion: The Tang developed a strong navy, enabling it to control the East and South China Seas and expand its maritime influence.
- Coastal Control: The Tang established naval bases and military garrisons along the Chinese coastline, protecting against piracy and coastal raids.
- Overseas Expeditions: The Tang launched naval expeditions to pacify and subdue coastal regions and islands in Southeast Asia, demonstrating its dominance in the maritime realm.
Overall, the Tang dynasty expanded China's territory, strengthened its control over strategic regions, promoted trade and diplomacy, and projected power through its military and naval capabilities.