1. Canton System: The Chinese government implemented the Canton System, which restricted foreign trade to the port of Canton (modern-day Guangzhou). This system aimed to control and monitor European traders and their activities.
2. Limited Trade Goods: The Chinese strictly controlled the types of goods that could be traded. They primarily accepted silver in exchange for Chinese goods, such as tea, silk, and porcelain.
3. Co-Hong System: The Chinese established the Co-Hong system, a monopoly of thirteen merchant houses that were responsible for all foreign trade. European traders had to conduct business exclusively through these designated merchants.
4. Limited Contact: The Chinese government prohibited direct contact between European traders and the local population. Foreigners were confined to specific areas within Canton and had limited interaction with Chinese citizens.
5. Restricted Movement: European traders were not allowed to travel freely within China or engage in activities beyond trade. They were required to stay in Canton and adhere to strict regulations regarding their movement.
6. Diplomatic Pressure: The Chinese government employed diplomatic pressure to discourage European nations from demanding trade concessions. They asserted their sovereignty and cultural superiority and resisted Western attempts to establish permanent diplomatic missions in China.
By implementing these measures, the Chinese tried to maintain their economic and political autonomy, preserve their cultural traditions, and limit the influence of European powers on Chinese society. However, these policies eventually led to growing tensions and conflicts with European nations, culminating in the Opium Wars in the 19th century, which forced China to open up more fully to foreign trade and influence.