The main goal was to find an alternative route to Asia, bypassing the Muslim-controlled Middle East. By doing this, they hoped to reduce their dependence on the Ottomans and other Muslim states, who often charged high tolls and levied heavy taxes on European merchants looking to access the East.
In search of precious commodities:
Europeans also yearned for access to the prized commodities of Asia. This included spices such as cinnamon, nutmeg, cloves, as well as silk, porcelain and gems. These goods were highly valued and could fetch a high price in European markets. Finding direct routes would have enabled Europeans to avoid the middlemen and thus enjoy greater profit margins.
To spread Christianity
Additionally, the search for a western route was driven by a desire for missionaries to spread Christianity to new territories. By establishing a new route, Europeans believed they would have a better chance of converting more people, especially in regions like India and China, where established trade networks might allow for easier access and penetration.
Geographical curiosity
The spirit of exploration and discovery also played role. Europeans were eager to learn more about the world beyond their own continent and discover new lands, peoples and cultures. The promise of uncharted territories and potential riches served as a further motivation for these ventures.