2. Lack of a unified command structure: The Union army was plagued by a lack of a clear chain of command, with multiple generals often issuing contradictory orders. This resulted in confusion and disorder, which contributed to the Union defeat.
3. Underestimation of Confederate strength: The Union greatly underestimated the strength and determination of the Confederate army. The Confederates were well-organized and led by experienced generals who had a better understanding of the terrain.
4. Confederate use of terrain: The Confederates took advantage of the terrain at Bull Run, using the rolling hills and forests to their advantage. They were able to use their superior knowledge of the area to outmaneuver the Union troops.
5. Union overconfidence: The Union army went into the battle with a sense of overconfidence, believing that the superior numbers of the Union troops would guarantee a quick victory. However, the Confederates were able to overcome these numerical disadvantages through their superior tactics and leadership.
6. Panic and retreat: The Union army began to panic when the Confederates launched a counterattack in the late afternoon. This panic quickly turned into a full-scale retreat, as the Union troops fled the battlefield in disarray.
7. Psychological impact: The First Battle of Bull Run had a significant psychological impact on both sides. It shattered the Union's belief that the war would be a quick and easy victory, and it gave the Confederates a much-needed boost of confidence.