- Christopher Columbus: Italian explorer who discovered the Americas in 1492
- Vasco da Gama: Portuguese explorer who discovered the sea route to India in 1498
- Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the world (1519–1522)
- Samuel de Champlain: French explorer who founded Quebec in 1608
- Henry Hudson: English explorer who explored Hudson Bay and the Hudson River
Conquistadors:
- Hernán Cortés: Spanish conquistador who conquered Mexico in 1521
- Francisco Pizarro: Spanish conquistador who conquered Peru in 1532
- Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Spanish conquistador who discovered the Pacific Ocean in 1513
- Ferdinand Magellan: Portuguese conquistador who led the first circumnavigation of the world (1519–1522)
Settlers:
- Pilgrims: English Puritans who founded the Plymouth Colony in 1620
- Puritans: English Protestants who founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1630
- Dutch: Dutch settlers who founded New Amsterdam (New York City) in 1624
- Swedes: Swedish settlers who founded New Sweden (Delaware) in 1638
- French: French settlers who founded Quebec in 1608 and New Orleans in 1718
Native Americans:
- Native American tribes who interacted with European settlers included the Iroquois, Huron, Algonquin, Sioux, Apache, and Navajo