Hadrian's name was played by Masachika Ichimura in the movie "Thermae Romae", so you may know it.
The third person of the Five Good Emperors, such as the Adriatic Sea and the current third year of Turkey, Edirne (Adrianople), is an emperor whose name is derived from Hadrian's Wall, and even today, including the Great Wall of Hadrian's Wall. There are a number of structures that seem to remain.
Let's take a look at such Hadrian this time!
Until the throne of the emperor
Hadrian was born in the town of Italica in what is now Spain, a province of the Roman Empire, like his late emperor Trajan.
Hadrian's father is an experienced Praetor member of the Roman Legislature and a Senator, and Hadrian is a nobleman born to the Senate's family.
By this time, the number of Senators from the provinces had increased, and the Hadrian family became the family of Senators during the time of Julius Caesar, and it was Vespa who was listed in the aristocratic Patrician. It was the time of Caesar.
He is from a prestigious family and seems to live comfortably, but his father died when Hadrian was ten years old. Although there are no detailed records, his father seemed to have predicted his death, and had designated two guardians to take care of the young Hadrian.
One is Achillius Atianus, who will later become the captain of the guards, and the other is Trajan, the emperor.
By the way, the age difference between Hadrian and Trajan is 23 years old, and Trajan is 33 years old at that time. It was a time when no one would have expected him to be a Roman emperor.
It was not uncommon for Roman citizens to die early, partly because they were obliged to serve in the military. Therefore, the guardianship system seems to have been considerably developed, and there is a clause that both the entrusted side and the entrusted side take it for granted.
Hadrian seems to have gone to Rome to study at the famous Quintilianus private school, and at this time he seemed to be inspired by Greek culture and was nicknamed the Greek kid.
Greek and Roman cultures are closely related, as represented by the name "Greco-Roman style" of wrestling.
Speaking of Greek culture, philosophy and natural science come to mind, and Hadrian is of course impressed with such culture, but he seems to have awakened to homosexuality at the same time.
Like the Greeks, the Romans have a strong tendency to homosexuality, and it seems that they were more cultural than modern LGBT homosexuals.
Hadrian's homosexuality was famous, but he is also married. His wife's name was Sabina, the grandson of Trajan's sister, but they didn't seem to get along very well. Instead, he seems to have been on good terms with Trajan's wife, Protina. There have been many doubts about the relationship between Protina and Hadrian since ancient times, but there is no clear evidence.
Before becoming emperor, Trajan was also a well-supported person in the military, so Hadrian was also treated favorably by Moro.
When he was sent to the Government-General of Pannonia (around Hungary today) around the age of 20, he was appointed as a fairly high-ranking captain named Tribune Laticlavius. It's like a modern Japanese university student becoming an executive of the Self-Defense Forces. After all, modern career advancement is slow. If we don't let young people experience more, the country will continue to decline. Bumpy.
In modern times, it may be close to the career system of the National Police Agency. Police officers suddenly start with an inspector and become a foreman in their late twenties to experience local chiefs, and it will be close to that.
However, Hadrian seems to have fulfilled this task safely because he was later listed as one of the Five Good Emperors. During his adolescence, he traveled to other provinces and steadily continued his career.
One day, a big incident occurs. Emperor Domitian was assassinated and Nerva became emperor.
And that Nerva also dies about a year after the coronation.
The next emperor was Trajan, his guardian.
Perhaps he was very happy, according to the records, Trajan was the first to deliver the news of Trajan's coronation to Trajan.
I personally think it's a retrofit creation.
Hadrian would have been pleased with this anyway. After all, the road to the highest power of the Roman Empire, which was the strongest nation in the world along with Han at that time, was opened!
At the age of 25, Hadrian was elected to the Cursus Honorum (prestigious course) Quaestor (accounting inspector) and then to Trajan's Dacian War, where he was fully successful and elected Puerator (legal officer). If you qualify as governor of the province here, you will rise to the position of governor of Pannonia Inferior (Hadrian province). At this time he is 31 years old.
He was elected Consul the following year, but his appointment at the age of 32 was the fastest in Roman history. In Japan, it's like becoming the Prime Minister or Chief Cabinet Secretary at the age of 32.
After that, he was appointed commander of the Parthian invasion army and appointed Governor of Syria in the most important district of Rome.
By this time, Trajan's condition worsened, and it seems that he decided to adopt Hadrian on his bed.
"It seems" is also the point that this part is still and at that time skeptical.
With the inauguration of the emperor and the purge
Modern Roman historians are skeptical of the word "Pax Romana."
Also known as Roman peace, the term was coined by Edward Gibbon, an 18th-century English historian of Rome.
It is said that the intention of Protina, the empress of Trajan, worked strongly for Hadrian's inauguration as emperor.
Four people were witnessed by Trajan's death.
His wife, Protina, his niece, Salonia (Mother of Hadrian's wife), Atianus, the commander of the Guards (Hadrian's guardian), and a doctor with an emperor.
The doctor died a few days after Trajan died for some reason. The cause is unknown.
It's true that everything is carrying too much in favor of Hadrian. This seems to have been said quite a bit since then, of course.
Did Trajan really nominate Hadrian as his successor?
The answer is no longer in the dark, but in Hadrian's own memoirs, the day Trajan adopted Hadrian and the day he died are the same.
To be honest, it's pretty suspicious, but as a result, it would have been the best choice considering the entire Roman Empire. Don't worry if someone like Nero is bad at becoming an emperor.
Hadrian, like Trajan, had a lot of support from his military. The Senate also seems to have had no meaning in becoming the emperor of Hadrian.
Although "Imperator Caesar Toyayanus Hadrian Augustus" is the official name of Hadrian, he became the Roman emperor and had some problems.
・ Jewish problem
・ Britannica (UK) rebellion problem
・ Rebellion problem in North Africa
・ Pannonia problem
・ Parthian problem
At the time of Trajan's death, the reasonable Parthian fever was tremendous in Rome. In the olden days, Crassus, who was famous for the Triumvirate, suffered a great defeat, and Trajan vividly won against the opponent who was made to blame the spicy acid after that.
What Hadrian was looking for would have been the destruction of the Parthians.
Hadrian did well around here. He embarked on the experienced Pannonia problem, and the Parthian problem was messed up.
In the meantime, King Parthian returned to his capital, Xenophon, and Armenia was appointed by King Parthian. Virtually back to the days of Trajan.
As a matter of course, some people opposed this.
To be exact, there were people who seemed to repel.
Four of them died.
Was it killed by Hadrian?
It is still controversial today.
The history of Rome, or broadly speaking, the history of mankind, is also the history of the purge.
There is a power struggle, whether in the East or the West.
Cornelius Palma:Two-time consul and first governor of Arabia.
Puprius Kelsus:Two-time consul-experienced person. Trianus confidant.
Lucius Chiates:Experienced consul. Deputy General of Trajan.
Havidius Nigrinus:The first governor of the Dacian Kingdom.
Four of Trajan's aides were killed.
Hadrian argued that his guard captain, Atianus, did it on his own.
Atianus was the guardian of Hadrian along with Trajan.
There is no reason to "do it without permission", but I did it without permission.
No one could complain. I knew what would happen if I complained.
Hadrian is different from Trajan.
Trajan made a vow not to kill and kept it completely.
Hadrian is not such an emperor. He was the type of person who tied up people with fear.
Or maybe someone in this was the successor.
An open assassination without saying. It is a terrorist politics different from that of Tiberius.
Historians say that Hadrian was cruel, tolerant, strict and amiable, and only inconsistent.
I personally feel sympathy around here.
Hadrian solves the problems of Panonia, North Africa, and Britannia one after another by purging his interior.
The famous "Hadrian's Wall" was built at this time.
Hadrian's Wall is often introduced as a proof that the Roman Empire abandoned its external expansion policy.
Hadrian's achievements in world history textbooks are at best "stopping expansion and shrinking territory. Hadrian's Wall was built in England." Now the center test preparation is perfect!
It was the Jewish problem that plagued Hadrian.
Rome has suffered from the Jewish problem. The Roman Empire was later plagued by Christianity, but at this time it was plagued by the Jewish rebellion.
Rome was tolerant of Jews after Julius Caesar had a tolerant policy towards Jews.
However, the Jewish side did not accept the Roman culture.
Rome is a polytheistic nation, and successive emperors are basically gods. All but Nero, Domitian, and Tiberius were deified.
Judaism is a monotheistic religion with only YHVH as the god. Roman culture cannot be accepted.
The troublesome part of Jewish people is their tendency to disperse. Ethnic groups usually solidify. The Japanese settle in the Japanese archipelago.
Jews are scattered in every city and form a community. Therefore, when the Jewish body revolts, it will fly to various places.
Hadrian thoroughly cracked down on Jews. Jews are off limits to the eternal city of Jerusalem, and as many as 500,000 Jews have been killed.
In Christian history, Nero is a tyrant, but Hadrian is not. Hadrian might have been a tyrant if the Jewish view of history had conquered the world.
History is also a way of evaluating.
Hadrian, Travel, Law Compilation and Own Business
Hadrian is a professional traveler! thank you!
No other Roman emperor has traveled as much as Hadrian. He traveled almost all over the Roman Empire.
Athens in particular seems to have been a favorite, and Hadrian's beloved Antino was also in Greece.
The 48-year-old Roman emperor really loved a Greek boy about 15 years old, so ...
Hadrian seems to have loved this Antino seriously, and when Antino drowned in Egypt, she said she cried like a woman without being noticed.
It must have been so much because a person like Han in Han would be like that. Not only did he deify Antino, but he even built a city called Antinopolis at the foot of a drowning river. Furthermore, it is quite a thing because he made many sculptures and gave them to the Roman Empire.
Byzantine Empire Justinian is famous as the person who compiled Roman law, but Hadrianus is also famous for developing Roman law.
Roman law is the law that is the basis of the current laws of each nation, and British and French laws are basically based on Roman law. Germanic law is based on Germanic law, and Japan can be said to be a mixture of these laws, but Hadrian enacted Roman law about 600 years before Justinian.
This is where Hadrian is different from the decisive tyrant. He is rugged but intelligent.
The "Pantheon", which is said to be the only building that remains in ancient Rome even today, was reconstructed during the time of Hadrian. It was Augustus's one-armed Agrippa that was built, but Hadrian was rebuilt in its current form.
He also built Hadria Nople (Adria Nople) in what is now Turkey and worked on infrastructure such as roads.
Obviously overworked.
Late years and successor issues
The life of the Roman emperor is short, probably because of his hard work.
I suspect that Hadrian had been demoralized in his later years.
The problem that every giant dynasty has a headache. It's a succession issue.
Adrinus had no children. His successor was Pedanius Dioscor, the grandson of his sister Paulina.
It was a man named Servianus who was trying hard to make this grandson his successor, and he managed to make his grandson the emperor and Grandpa did his best, but he and his grandson Fuskus were forced to commit suicide.
The reason has not been clarified.
Hadrian is not as terrorist as Tiberius, but he is purging him on the issue of Trajan's four confidants and his successors.
The reason for forcing Fuskus to die is completely unknown.
Hadrian instead nominated his successor as a 30-year-old man named Caionius Commodus. He was adopted by Hadrian and renamed Aelius Caesar.
There is no doubt that this person was the successor because it bears the name of Caesar, which represents the emperor. He is Niglius's son-in-law.
You might wonder who Nigrius is, but he is one of the four Hadrian purged.
He seems to be a young boy, and Hadrian gave him tribune privileges and military command, and he was the next emperor who was recognized both inside and outside the country, but he died of illness. It seems that he was originally not very strong.
Hadrian, who learned of Aelius' death, seems to have been quite upset and uttered a lot of nasty words.
It was a 16-year-old boy named Marx Annius Wels who stood in place of Aerius as a successor.
This boy is later Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.
However, because he was too young to become an emperor, Hadrian called Antonius, a man about 50 years old, and told him that he would adopt him on condition that he would be adopted.
This Antoninus is the fourth Antoninus Pius of the Five Good Emperors.
Pius is a word that means benevolent and is a nickname, but it is interesting because the nickname has been established for posterity.
By the way, Hadrian was the reason why Antonius was considered benevolent.
Hadrian was hated by the Senate.
As for how much he was hated, he was so hated that he was denied deification.
In opposition to this, Antonius asked the Senate to deify Hadrian. People said. What a Pius Antonius is!
Personal evaluation of Hadrian
It has become quite long. Up to this point, 6000 characters. For some reason, it's almost twice as much as Trajan.
Hadrian is far from the image of a wise emperor as people think.
He is a martial arts hawk, and he is doing quite a lot without hesitation.
It seems that Trajan was disliked by the Senate, probably because he had fallen the capital of Parthian but returned it, and he wasn't in Rome so much, or because of his personal taste.
The policy was already completed at the time of Trajan, so I should have taken it over as a business, so I haven't done much new things.
It can be said that he was a great man in that he did not diminish his national power.
He never gave preferential treatment to his relatives, did not put the nation in turmoil or crisis, and did not diminish his national power.
In recent years, many people have been enthusiastic about degrading the five wise emperors, but I think it would be overkill to overturn the reputation that all five were excellent Roman emperors.
Because, compare it with Nero, Caligula, and the later military emperors.
How do you know that Hadrian is an excellent emperor?