* Introduction of new diseases: Spanish explorers brought with them diseases such as smallpox, measles, and influenza, which decimated the native populations of the Americas.
* Forced labor: The Spanish used forced labor to extract gold, silver, and other resources from the Americas. This led to widespread death and suffering among the native peoples.
* Religious conversion: The Spanish attempted to convert the native peoples of the Americas to Catholicism, often using force or coercion. This led to the destruction of indigenous religious practices and beliefs.
* Cultural disruption: Spanish exploration and colonization led to the disruption of native cultures and societies. This included the loss of traditional lands, languages, and ways of life.
* Environmental degradation: Spanish exploration and colonization led to environmental degradation, such as deforestation and soil erosion. This damage to the environment had long-term consequences for the health and well-being of both the native peoples and the Spanish colonists.