History of Europe

The power struggle between popes and kings?

The conflict between the Catholic Church and secular authorities, particularly between popes and monarchs, over supremacy in political and religious matters. It involved issues of control over the appointment of bishops and other church officials, the collection of taxes, the administration of justice, and the ownership of property. The Investiture Controversy and the Wars of the Guelph and Ghibellines were notable aspects of this power struggle.