1. Social Inequality: The French society was highly stratified, with the clergy and nobility enjoying significant privileges and exemptions, while the common people (peasants, urban workers, and the bourgeoisie) faced harsh living conditions, heavy taxation, and limited opportunities. This social inequality and the perception of injustice fueled resentment among the masses.
2. Economic Hardships: France experienced severe economic difficulties in the late 18th century, including widespread poverty, high unemployment, crop failures, and a financial crisis. The common people blamed the extravagant lifestyle of the royal court and the nobility for these economic problems, adding to their discontent.
3. Enlightenment Ideas: The Enlightenment was a philosophical and intellectual movement that emphasized the principles of reason, individual liberty, and the social contract. These ideas spread widely in France and challenged traditional notions of authority and absolute monarchy, influencing public opinion and inspiring demands for political and social change.
4. Influence of the American Revolution: The success of the American Revolution in 1783 inspired the French people to believe that it was possible to overthrow a monarchy and establish a republic based on democratic principles. The ideas of the American Revolution provided encouragement and a model for the French revolutionaries.
5. Weak and Ineffective Leadership: King Louis XVI's reign was characterized by indecisiveness, financial mismanagement, and a failure to address the growing grievances of the people. The king's inability to effectively address the country's problems further undermined his authority and legitimacy.
6. Influence of the Estate General: The Estates-General, an assembly that brought together representatives from the three estates of the realm (clergy, nobility, and commoners), was convened in 1789 to address the financial crisis. The Third Estate (representing the common people) asserted their authority and proclaimed themselves as the National Assembly, signaling the beginning of the French Revolution.
It was the combination of social, economic, political, and intellectual factors, along with the discontent and frustration of the French people, that ultimately led to the revolt against the royal rulers and the establishment of the First French Republic.