1. Disillusionment with the Commonwealth:
Cromwell's rule, initially driven by the idea of a republican commonwealth, faced challenges and internal conflicts. Many people became dissatisfied with the political instability, religious intolerance, and authoritarian rule.
2. Economic and Social Impact:
The Commonwealth period experienced economic disruption and social unrest. Trade and commerce declined, leading to financial challenges and dissatisfaction among merchants and traders. People missed the stability and prosperity they had enjoyed before the civil wars.
3. Fear of Radicalism:
Cromwell's government was seen as too radical and extreme by some. They feared the potential for further social upheaval and the erosion of traditional values. The restoration of the monarchy offered a sense of familiarity and stability.
4. Nostalgia for the Past:
Many people felt nostalgic for the pre-Commonwealth period, including the days when the monarchy was the symbol of national unity and continuity. The return of the monarchy was seen as a way to restore order, tradition, and a sense of national identity.
5. Royalist Support:
Throughout the Commonwealth period, there remained a significant level of support for the monarchy, especially among the nobility, gentry, and Anglican clergy. These groups actively worked towards restoring the monarchy, and their efforts gained momentum as dissatisfaction with Cromwell's rule grew.
6. Diplomacy and International Prestige:
The Commonwealth government faced challenges in gaining international recognition and legitimacy. Other European nations, accustomed to monarchical systems, often viewed the republican government with suspicion. The restoration of the monarchy improved diplomatic relations and enhanced England's standing on the international stage.
7. Military Intervention:
General George Monck, the governor of Scotland and a prominent figure in the English military, played a key role in the restoration. Monck marched his troops to London in early 1660 and effectively forced the Parliament to invite King Charles II, the son of Charles I, back to England.
8. Charles II's Moderation:
Charles II's cautious and conciliatory approach reassured many people who feared radical change or retaliation. He issued the Declaration of Breda, pledging religious tolerance, amnesty for past actions, and respect for property rights. This helped to allay concerns and gain support across different segments of society.
In summary, the restoration of the monarchy was driven by a combination of factors, including disillusionment with the Commonwealth, economic challenges, fear of radicalism, nostalgia, the persistence of royalist support, diplomatic considerations, military intervention, and the moderate policies of Charles II.