- European dominance: Europe was the dominant force in world politics. It had the strongest economies, the most powerful militaries, and the largest empires.
- Great Power rivalries: The major European powers were constantly competing for power and influence. This competition led to several wars, including the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) and the First World War (1914-1918).
- Colonialism: European powers controlled vast empires in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. These empires were a source of raw materials and markets for European goods.
- Industrialization: The Industrial Revolution had transformed Europe's economy and society. This led to increased wealth and power for the European powers.
Present:
- United States as a superpower: The United States emerged from the Second World War (1939-1945) as the dominant superpower. It had the strongest economy, the most powerful military, and the most advanced technology.
- Cold War: The United States and the Soviet Union were the two superpowers during the Cold War (1947-1991). The Cold War was a period of intense competition and rivalry between the two countries.
- Decolonization: The European powers lost their colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East after the Second World War. These countries gained independence and became sovereign states.
- Globalization: The world has become increasingly interconnected in recent decades. This is due to advances in transportation, communication, and technology. Globalization has led to increased trade, investment, and cultural exchange between countries.
In summary, the role of the United States in world politics has changed dramatically since 1877. It has emerged from being a relatively isolated country to becoming the dominant global superpower. This change is due to a variety of factors, including the Industrial Revolution, the two World Wars, and the Cold War.