Assumption of Power: Caesar's growing popularity and military success led to his ambitious pursuit of power. He ignored senatorial authority, crossed the Rubicon River (a symbolic boundary), and marched on Rome, effectively making himself a military dictator. This act severely undermined the institutions and traditions of the Republic.
Civil War: Caesar's rivalry with Pompey and the conservative faction in the Senate led to the outbreak of a civil war. The conflict devastated parts of Italy, Greece, and Asia, weakening Rome's unity and causing significant loss of life. Caesar emerged victorious, but his use of force against Roman citizens was seen as a betrayal of republican principles.
Centralization of Power: After securing victory, Caesar consolidated power by assuming multiple positions of authority, such as Consul, Dictator, and Pontifex Maximus. He reduced the influence of the Senate and made decisions based on his own judgement rather than following traditional senatorial procedures. His concentration of power eroded republican institutions and paved the way for the imperial system that followed.
Assassination: Caesar's concentration of power and his handling of the civil war led to the formation of a conspiracy against him. In 44 BCE, a group of Senators led by Brutus and Cassius assassinated Caesar in the Curia of Pompey. This event marked a decisive moment in Roman history, ending the Republic and ultimately leading to the rise of the Roman Empire.