- Urbanization: The majority of the population lives in cities, which are centers of economic, political, and cultural activity.
- Social stratification: Society is divided into different classes or groups based on factors such as wealth, occupation, or education.
- Centralized government: A government body has the power to make and enforce laws, and to provide services to its citizens.
- Writing: A written language is used for communication, record-keeping, and the storage of knowledge.
- Technology: The use of advanced tools and technologies, such as metalworking, irrigation, and transportation systems.
- Art and culture: A rich artistic tradition, including visual art, music, literature, and philosophy.
- Religion: A shared system of religious beliefs and practices.
These features are not exhaustive, and different civilizations may exhibit different combinations of them. However, they provide a general framework for understanding what defines a civilization.