1. Architecture: Ottoman architects developed unique and monumental styles using domes, arches, and decorative tiles, as seen in iconic landmarks like the Süleymaniye Mosque and the Selimiye Mosque.
2. Philosophy and Sufism: The empire was a hub for Islamic philosophy, with scholars like Geminizade Ali Bey combining Neoplatonic and Sufi thought. Renowned Sufi mystics included Rumi, Ibn Arabi, and Yunus Emre.
3. Literature: Ottomans produced a vast corpus of literature, including poetry (notably the Divan tradition), history, travelogues, and epics. Prominent poets included Fuzûlî and Baki.
4. Science: Ottoman scientists made contributions in astronomy, mathematics, engineering, optics, and medicine. Taqi ad-Din Muhammad built an observatory in Istanbul and revised the Ptolemaic model of astronomy.
5. Military Sciences: The empire had a strong tradition in military science, from gunpowder technology and artillery innovations to naval engineering.
6. Calligraphy and Illumination: Ottoman artists achieved remarkable skill in calligraphy, producing beautifully illuminated manuscripts and decorative artworks.
7. Music: Ottoman music blended traditional Turkish, Middle Eastern, and European influences, leading to the development of classical Turkish music.
8. Engineering and Infrastructure: The Ottomans built complex bridges, aqueducts, and irrigation systems, enhancing infrastructure across their vast territory.
9. Education: The empire prioritized education, establishing numerous madrasahs, schools, and libraries, contributing to high literacy rates.