The European adopted the system of Arabic numerals, which are based on the Hindu-Arabic numeral system. This mathematical system was far superior to the cumbersome Roman numeral system, and eventually replaced it.
Algebra and geometry
Europeans learned about the scientific subjects such as algebra and geometry from the Arabs. These mathematical and scientific advances, which were based on the ancient knowledge of civilizations such as the Greeks, were instrumental in the development of Western science.
Papermaking technology
The Arabs introduced papermaking technology to the Europeans, thus transforming the way books and documents were produced. Prior to this, Europeans used parchment or vellum, which were much more expensive and less durable than paper.
Astronomy
European scholars learned a great deal about astronomy from the Arabs, who had preserved and refined the knowledge of ancient astronomers. The use of astrolabes and the translation of Arabic astronomical treatises allowed European scientists to make significant progress in the field.
Medicine
European physicians were influenced by Arabic medical knowledge, which was based on the works of ancient doctors such as Galen and Hippocrates. The Arabs introduced new medical techniques and treatments, and translated and commented on medical texts.
Philosophy and literature
European scholars and intellectuals eagerly sought out translations of Arabic philosophical and literary texts. These included the works of important figures such as Aristotle and Plato, which had been preserved and translated by Arabic scholars.
Agriculture
The Europeans learned about new farming techniques and crops from the Arabs, such as the use of irrigation systems and the introduction of new fruits and vegetables.
Navigation
The Arabs were skilled navigators, and the European adopted many of their navigational techniques and instruments, such as the astrolabe and the use of the compass.