- The war began with the conflict over control of Sicily.
- The war was primarily fought at sea, with both sides using innovative naval tactics.
- The Romans eventually gained the upper hand, defeating the Carthaginian navy in a decisive battle off the coast of the Aegadian Islands in 241 BC.
- The war ended with the Treaty of Lutatius Catulus, which resulted in the following outcomes:
1. Cession of Territory: Carthage ceded Sicily to Rome, effectively establishing Roman dominance over the island.
2. War Reparations: Carthage had to pay a substantial amount of war reparations to Rome over a period of 10 years.
3. Loss of Naval Power: Carthage's navy was significantly reduced, and it was prohibited from building new warships without Rome's permission.
Second Punic War (218-201 BC):
- The war was triggered by Hannibal's invasion of Italy, including his famous crossing of the Alps with elephants.
- The war saw several significant battles, including the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, where Hannibal inflicted a crushing defeat on the Roman army.
- The war ultimately ended in Rome's favor after Scipio Africanus' victory over Hannibal at the Battle of Zama in 202 BC.
- The war had the following outcomes:
1. Loss of Territory and Influence: Carthage lost most of its overseas territories, including its possessions in Spain, North Africa, and the Mediterranean islands.
2. War Reparations: Carthage had to pay even more significant war reparations to Rome than after the First Punic War.
3. Loss of Independent Status: Carthage became a client state of Rome, effectively ending its status as an independent power.
Third Punic War (149-146 BC):
- The war was precipitated by Carthage's resurgence and Rome's fear of a renewed threat.
- The Romans besieged Carthage for three years, eventually capturing and destroying the city in 146 BC.
- The war resulted in the complete destruction of Carthage and the enslavement of its remaining inhabitants.
The Third Punic War marked the end of Carthage as a significant power in the Mediterranean region.