Shang dynasty is destroyed, and after a while after Zhou is born, distortion begins to occur again in Zhou. From that distortion, we entered the Spring and Autumn Warring States era, and after a long period of war and turmoil, we will summarize the flow until the final unification by Qin.
People who like Chinese history are also so popular that they are divided into the Spring and Autumn Warring States period and the Three Kingdoms period. "Kingdom" is also a story of the Spring and Autumn Warring States period. In addition to Kingdom, there are also manga and novels set in this era, such as "Tatsujinden" and "Bin-Sonko Iden-", so it would be interesting to look for them.
What is the position of Zhou in the Spring and Autumn period?
The Spring and Autumn period is the time when many lords stood up. Let's review the relationship between the lords and Zhou for a moment and then see what happened to Zhou.
Relationship between the Zhou royal family and the princes
As mentioned in "Chinese Civilization and the Birth of the Early Dynasty," the Zhou dynasty is the top city-state (eup) under the Zhou dynasty. Instead of having the royal family eup, I was obliged to pay tribute and serve in the military.
* What is a company?
At first, I was doing well in this way, but after the failure of the expedition at the time of the 4th generation, it gradually declined. It was the 12th generation, the King You of Zhou, that became decisive.
What did the King You do ...?
* It is said that the vassal (← the vassal who is good at flirting), which was heavily used by the King You of Zhou, intentionally set the fire on purpose, not by mistake.
Manma is a Chinese version of a wolf boy.
In addition, the King You of Zhou will do it. He loved Bao Si so much that he abolished his wife (Queen Shen) and his son, who was a prince, and made Bao Si and his son a prince.
It was the father of Queen Shen who was furious at this. He teamed up with a different ethnic group, Inujou (a nomadic tribe in western China), to attack Zhou, led by the King You of Zhou [Marquess of Shen] (771 BC).
Relief did not come because he had fired many times, and the King was killed.
Establishment of Eastern Zhou
Hokyo due to the invasion of different races (Koukei) is desolate and east of the capital Luoyang Moved to (now Luoyang). In Luoyang, the son of Queen Shen, King Ping of Zhou, was erected. Here Eastern Zhou Is established.
Those who oppose the standing of King Ping set up a successor to the King of Zhou in the west and confronted him. As a result, King Ping won, but the decline of (Eastern) Zhou will accelerate after that.
What are the characteristics of the Spring and Autumn period?
Although the eastern Zhou has declined, only the authority has survived, and the princes are Sonnojoi in the name of excluding foreigners. We will continue to expand our power.
The Spring and Autumn period is an era in which many wars occurred while Zhou's authority was barely present. I call it.
At the beginning, it was a time of great melee in which more than 200 lords fought, but eventually Five Hegemons Champion of the leading lords called Has begun to emerge.
- Qi:Duke Huan of Qi ← The Chancellor's Guan Zhong is famous
- Jin:Bunko
- So:Zhuang
- Yue:Goujian
- Wu:Fuchai of Wu
In addition, the Duke of Qin and the Duke of Song may be included.
* The country that was sealed by Taiko Nozomi, a warrior who was also involved in the founding of Zhou, was "Sai", and the country that his relatives received was "Jin". increase. This is also written in "Chinese Civilization and the Birth of the Early Dynastic Period".
Eastern Zhou was only one of the many countries established in the Spring and Autumn period.
What will happen in Japan if the war continues?
As can be said in both the spring and autumn and the Warring States era, in a situation where there are multiple countries with similar national powers in the long run, do not be overtaken by other countries.
- Promote the agricultural industry so as not to run out of food
- Expansion and stabilization of financial base
- Technology development
- Invite an advisor to make a strong country
And so on.
What did the surviving countries do during the Spring and Autumn Warring States period?
Before spring and autumn, bronze farm tools were used in agriculture, but bronze ware was easily broken or chipped, making it practical.
By changing it to iron, productivity improves at once To do. Handicrafts will develop if you can afford surplus products .. At that time, money came to be used for buying and selling goods. Bronze coins began to be made instead of the use of bronze farm tools. As the exchange of money increases, the circulation of goods and money will increase and people will gather. The more the economy expanded, the stronger the military power could be.
In this way, the economy developed, the wealthy soldiers policy was adopted, and small countries were absorbed more and more.
What are the monarchs' advisors (Hundred Schools of Morocco)?
The kings of all nations give advice Hundred Schools of Morocco to create a country that is second to none and a better one. I will ask the thinker called.
| School | Main character | Works, etc. |
|---|---|---|
| Confucian | Confucius | "The Analects" "Spring Autumn" |
| Mencius | "Mencius" | |
| Xun Kuang | "Xun Kuang" | |
| Michiya | Laozi | "Tao Te Ching" ("Laozi") |
| Zhuang Zhou | "Zhuang Zhou" | |
| Mohist | Mozi | "Mozi" |
| Legalist | Shang Yang | "The Book of Lord Shang" |
| Han Fei | "Han Feizi" | |
| Li Si | ||
| Soldiers | Sun Tzu (Sun Tzu) Mr. Wu | "Grandchild" "Kureko" |
There are other schools, but if you try to raise the representative ones, they will be divided into the schools shown in the table above.
Confucian
A school based on the ideas of Confucius, he preached family love and morality, and in addition to preaching family love and morality, people's gratitude and compassion were important for the rule of the nation, not the law.
Legalist
He took a negative position on the Confucian who governed people with an invisible concept, and preached the rule of law that strict rule of law would stabilize the nation.
Mohist
It was a popular school that was as popular as Confucianism during the Warring States period, but it questioned the idea of Confucianism because the love that Confucianism refers to is limited to blood relations.
Michiya
The root of all things is in the way, and he preached the idea of "innocent nature" without the intervention of gratitude and morality.
The ideas of this era will continue to have a great influence not only in China but also in Asian countries in posterity.
The beginning of the Warring States period
A big change will come when a large country comes out to some extent.
Jin, a force in Zhongyuan, a historical center of China, Han, Wei, Zhao in 403 BC It was divided into three countries. At this time, it was the people of the Lord Taifu who were under the lords who turned over the top of Jin.
From the time when Jin was divided into three, the lower one defeated the upper one and took the lead, so-called Shimokatsugami The trend of is spreading. This Shimogami The era when the war began after the trend of Sengoku era I call it.
The authority of the king is easy to reach if there is a relationship between the lords and the king, but the lower you go, the harder it is to reach the authority. I think you can imagine it somehow.
That's why, unlike the Spring and Autumn period, Zhou's authority no longer works in the Warring States period. If this happens, it is not surprising that some countries will try to crush the laps with people who are trying to "aim at the world" directly. In fact, Zhou has become less and less present than in the Spring and Autumn period.
After all, it was the seven powerful nations called the Seven Warring States that greatly expanded their power during the Warring States period. While forming an alliance with each other, we will fight in a mixed manner.
Unification of Qin
In the end, the era of war that lasted for nearly 500 years was marked by the aggressive institutional reforms and recruitment of human resources located in the west. Qin was.
In the western part of China, it is easy to obtain horses, and the emphasis on "government by law" from the idea of the legalist, and the fact that money was used in a form that is easy to circulate (yen) became stronger. It became a factor of.
Establishment of China's first unified dynasty
In 221 BC, a person named Qin Wang's government destroys the six nations led by the Seven Warring States and establishes the first unified nation in Chinese history.
As soon as Qin was founded,
- Indirect control → To a centralized state of direct control
The king ruled the princes using an indirect method of governance, such as the lords governing the lords (like a city-state), but in Qin, bureaucrats were dispatched from the center to the county prefectures to rule. Change to shape (county prefectural system) - Separation of administration, military, and inspection
- Unify the disparate coins, letters, weights and measures, etc.
- Money:Ban Liang
- Character:Seal script
- Weights and measures:Distribute standard instruments made of iron, etc. to various places
- Unification of vehicle tracks (maintenance of transportation network)
- Unification of the calendar
- Great Wall
We connected the Great Walls unique to the Warring States period, which were built to protect ourselves from the northern peoples. - Thought suppression [Burning Book / Lithium]
Incorporating the ideas of the legalist, Li Si was appointed as the Grand Chancellor, while the Confucianism was suppressed.
* Degree =length, quantity =volume, balance =weight
We have carried out these reforms. However, sudden social changes carry a lot of burden. The construction of the Great Wall and roads required a lot of manpower and a lot of money, and these manpower and money were taken from the people. This has led to opposition from the Great Ones and the burdened people, and the six countries conquered by Qin are frustrated.
As a result, rebellions occurred in various places shortly after the death of Qin Shi Huang, and they were destroyed 15 years after the unification. The era of war has come again.
Although it was the destruction of the country too early, the fact that it had built a very wonderful political and social system made it possible for the Qin system to be inherited by the next generation of Western Han.