Last time, Alexander I Napoleon in the age of Appeared, and Russia was attacked by Napoleon and repelled the French army. .. .. I have even talked about how young people who saw advanced Western Europe began to start the liberal movement.
The liberal movement developed and the independence movement took place at home and abroad, and Russia changed while making good use of this movement and being swayed. With this change, relations with European countries, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan will begin to change.
This time, what happened to Russia, including diplomatic issues with those countries? I will summarize it.
Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
Alexander I in the midst of an active liberal movement Suddenly died. When the politics stopped due to a communication error (brothers were giving up the emperor to each other), the young people tried to rise once, but the chain of command was not clear and was suppressed.
Under such circumstances, Alexander I succeeded. 20 years younger brother Nicholas I was.
Nicholas I as the number of young people seeking liberalism increases The coronation of was quite delicate. The secret society that had been created since his father's generation will start in earnest.
Alexander I Is Enlightenment Grandmother who was also familiar with Ekacherina * I understood the idea of liberalism, but Nicholas I Catherine the Great for a child after his grandmother died Father Pavel who has the opposite idea Alexander I He was known for his tyrannical behavior even during his reign.
* The liberal movement is an extension of the Enlightenment idea.
Nicholas I The dissident youths who learned that they would succeed are Decembrist revolts Wake up. The turmoil was quickly subdued, with five being hanged and about 120 being sent to Siberia.
What was Nicholas I aiming for? ??
He was said to have been a rough person, and he suppressed revolutionary thoughts and put "maintaining tyranny by the emperor" first. On the other hand, he also witnessed cross-examinations of those who caused the Decembrist revolt, and showed flexibility such as feeling the need for political reform and aiming to improve the position of serfs (again, facing the opposition of the aristocrats). , Frustrated).
Nicholas I to maintain this tyranny Is
- He picked up unconditionally obeyed aristocrats as bureaucrats
- Crackdown on those seeking freedom
- Intervene in the field of education and form nationalism
- Intervene in the field of education and thoroughly practice Greek Orthodox Christianity
I did this.
The latter two are said to have been done in order to learn "the obedient spirit that does not turn to the system".
Famous as "a crackdown on those seeking freedom" is the response to the November Uprising (1830) in Poland, which was under Russian control at the time. Eventually, it was overwhelmed by the Russian army, which had a numerical advantage. In 1832, the Polish Constitutional Kingdom was abolished and governed directly.
What is the background to the November uprising?
Napoleon in France After being exiled, after many twists and turns, Restoration Although the dynasty was revived, Louis XVIII took the throne. Was doing anachronistic reactionary politics.
As a result, the July Revolution The Bourbon dynasty, which was resurrected at, has been defeated again.
This effect was transmitted to various European countries, and multiple rebellions occurred, including the Belgian Revolution in the Netherlands, the November uprising in Poland, and the rebellion by a secret society called Carbonari, which is a radical liberal belief in Italy. I did.
On the other hand, Nicholas I Aims for further economic development through trade.
Around this time, Russia began to produce cotton fabrics and sugar by division of labor, and grain production increased. In 1837, exports to foreign countries were flourishing due to the improvement of the transportation network, such as the construction of the first railway in the imperial capital of St. Petersburg.
For that purpose, a distribution base and a non-freezing port for going out to the Mediterranean Sea are absolutely necessary. Thus, since the reign of Nicholas I, a more aggressive southward policy The policy was to be taken.
Crimean War (1853-1856)
From the Crimean War [Sevastopol Siege] (wikipedia)
Crimean War The background of what happened is quite complicated, so I will summarize the background in another article, so it's easy here.
At that time, liberalism and nationalism spread to each country after the French Revolution, and movements for independence began to appear even around the Balkan Peninsula, which was under the control of the Ottoman Empire and had many orthodox Christians. This territorial and ethnic issue is Eastern issue I call it.
As a result of Russia's support for independence in this Eastern problem, the decline of the Ottoman Empire has accelerated. Intervene in the Revolutionary War and gain exclusive navigation rights for routes to the Mediterranean (← later this treaty was abolished).
When the issue of Christianity became involved here, Britain and France began to feel a sense of crisis toward Russia.
Under such circumstances, when the Ottoman Empire took control of the Greek Orthodox sanctuary Jerusalem and handed it over to France, Russia became angry, saying that it "despised the Orthodox". It was the Crimean War that broke out in 1853.
Why the Orthodox had controlIn the 16th century, when the Habsburgs were in their heyday in Europe, the Ottoman Empire also extended its power to Europe and became bordering nations.
France, which also bordered the Habsburgs, has joined hands with the Ottoman Empire and has been given control over the sign of the alliance. However, over time, Napoleon appeared, and the expedition to Egypt, which was the territory of the Ottoman Empire, was carried out.
In this mess, Greek Orthodox Christians gained control of Jerusalem.
At the beginning, it was fighting only with the Ottoman Empire and Russia (← Britain and France kept it to the extent that it interfered with transportation and dispatch of troops from Russian countries), but when Britain and France also participated in the war, it was backward. Is exposed. The Russian army is said to have killed more than 350,000 people.
After all, Nicholas I during this battle Died. The next coronation Alexander II Thought that the reconstruction of Russia should be prioritized.
On the other hand, in France, public opinion has begun to face an anti-war in a protracted war, and no more fighting is desired. Britain thought it would be a little better, but the army, which was the cornerstone of the battle with Russia, relied on France, making it difficult to continue the war.
Among them, there is a call from Austria to start peace negotiations. End the Crimean War with the Treaty of Paris in 1856. As a result, Russia lost the way to the Black Sea.
Reign of Alexander II (1855-1881)
Alexander II as the key to rebuilding Russia Was modernized. He aims to free the serfs to secure people to work in the factory.
It was the liberation of the serf who had given up because of the opposition of the aristocrats, feeling the need many times, but Alexander II He steadily persuaded him. And finally 1861. The long-awaited liberation of farmers was carried out, and about 100 years after the British Industrial Revolution, the foundation of the Industrial Revolution was completed in Russia.
It was also under his reign that an independence movement (January Uprising) took place in Poland, and the United States offered to talk about the acquisition of Alaska and surrendered it for 7.2 million US $.
The reason for the sale of Alaska was that it was not so defensive, but after the sale, a gold mine was discovered in Alaska, and the United States gained enormous profits.
As a policy linked to overseas expansion, other European countries invaded the Qing dynasty Arrow War In return, he built a military port in Vladivostok in the Far East.
Not only did he have the Pacific Fleet stationed in Vladivostok, but he also planned to connect it to the Trans-Siberian Railway to quickly transport troops. This plan will cause Japan to be wary of Russia.
vs. Ottoman Empire
Russia, which had lost the way to the Mediterranean Sea through the Black Sea after the Crimean War, began to reach out to the Balkan Peninsula again as the economy developed in the 1870s.
Russia actively intervenes when a rebellion occurs in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria. Tensions between Russia and the Ottoman Empire increased, and the Russo-Turkish War finally broke out the following year.
Domestically, it was summarized with the cause of "helping the same Christians" and "solidarity of the Slavs (=anti-Slavism)", but in reality, dissatisfaction due to major changes in domestic politics was resolved, towards the Balkans. Expansion of territory to. .. .. It was a war aimed at securing a trade route beyond that.
When Russia struggles but wins, Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become independent of the Ottoman Empire. With regard to Bulgaria, a treaty has been signed that allows Russian troops to stay for two years.
However, as in the case of the Crimean War, other countries may be concerned about this result in the south of Russia. It will be protested by the Austro-Hungary Empire (1867-1918), which is adjacent to independent countries under the influence of Britain and Russia, which must never pass through the sea.
In response, Germany (1871-1945) hosted the Congress of Berlin, which eventually reduced Bulgaria to the point of being an autonomous nation of the Ottoman Empire.
Immediately before this open-air war, the League of the Three Empires (Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary Empire, German Empire) was formed, but it was in conflict with the Austria-Hungary Empire over the Balkan Peninsula. Because it was, it was resolved at the Berlin conference.
On the contrary, the two countries except Russia signed the Dual Alliance Treaty in 1879 with an eye on Russia, and the relationship between Russia and the two countries cooled at once. The diplomatic foot has moved to France.
Caspian Sea-Mongolian Plateau
Russia has entered this region since the 18th century. It is said that the reason for this advance was the measures against nomads coming from the east side.
Cossacks are also advancing around here, and the area around Kazakhstan is involved in their big rebellion. It was the emperor Catherine II who was the best in the Romanov dynasty to put in the government army to store this. is.
After all, the rebellion continued, but in the middle of the 19th century the region was finally under Russian control. The countries that were further south were annexed. Alexander II Under the circumstances, economic development was actively carried out, and eventually it became the center of cotton production and cotton industry.
The end of Alexander II
Not only did we make a major reform of the liberation of serfs, but as nationalism spread, we were constantly dissatisfied with the country because of the multi-ethnic country. The dissidents that have been widespread for some time still exist.
In 1891, after several attempted assassinations, he was killed by a bomb thrown by a Polish downfall aristocrat who belonged to the dissident radical organization "Narodnaya Volya".
What was the relationship between Russia and Japan at this time? ??
Relations between Russia and Japan began in the midst of the Crimean War, but then in 1875 the Chishima-Sakhalin Treaty . The border between the two countries was completely set by connecting.
However, this relationship immediately became a dark cloud from the following year. .. ..
When Japan signed the Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity and Commerce with Korea, which is a stepping stone to advance into the continent, it had begun to aim for expansion into the Korean Peninsula with the aim of acquiring an ice-free port in the Far East of Russia.
Otsu Incident (1891)
Father Alexander II His son Alexander III succeeded him. is. He had a liberal mindset in his childhood, but his education began to lean towards a conservative direction.
Furthermore, seeing the assassination of his father, he feels that tyranny is necessary to build a stable government. On the other hand, we also proceeded with rapid industrialization and modernization in parallel.
Such Alexander III But his son, Crown Prince Nicholas II Is recommended to visit all over the world Nikolai (II) traveled to many countries in 1890. He last came to Japan and then headed for the groundbreaking ceremony for the Trans-Siberian Railway.
At this time, the Japanese government welcomed him as a state guest. .. ..
The Crown Prince's visit to Japan in the midst of a delicate relationship between Japan and Russia over the Korean Peninsula is partly
"Isn't it a military inspection?"
As rumors fly around. Under such circumstances, Nikolai in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, by a person who is dissatisfied with the response of the Japanese government. An incident has occurred that slashes (II). This is Otsu Incident I call it.
In this case, there was no special provision for life, so the Russian side took a generous stance and did not develop into a serious international case, but some people think that it is the distant cause of the Russo-Japanese War that will occur later. It was a shocking incident.
The death of Alexander III and the coronation of Nicholas II
Three years after the Otsu incident. Japan fights for nearly a year over the Qing and Korean Peninsula ( Sino-Japanese War ), Betraying most expectations and winning. Taking this opportunity, Japan will begin full-scale expansion into the continent.
On the other hand, in Russia, Alexander III in the year when the Sino-Japanese War began. Nicholas II when he exacerbates and demises nephritis Became an emperor.
He has taken friendly measures against neighboring Europe, Alexander II The military alliance [ Franco-Russian Alliance ] Has been developed. On the contrary, in the Far East, relations with Japan deteriorated.
After this, we will proceed to the Russo-Japanese War. .. .. I will summarize it at the next opportunity.