In the late Middle Ages, investiture controversy with various countries so far It was becoming a state of "Isn't the recent Roman church corrupt?" Due to internal power struggles, and criticism was being heard.
Such criticisms will emerge as various heretical movements.
How did the church power decline this time as a result of this heretical movement? What kind of anti-church forces were there? And so on.
A pioneer of religious reform! What is the sect that was born after the criticism of the Roman Church? ??
The following denominations are known as typical heretical denominations.
- Waldensians :Criticism by Wald (c. 1140-1217)
- Cathar :A sect that demanded strict adherence to discipline such as maintaining chastity and fasting
- Albigensian :Above all, it refers to the sect that spread in the Toulouse-Albi region of France.
All are subject to severe crackdowns, especially the Albigensian . Since it was spread not only to the common people but also to the local gentry, it led to the crackdown involving the country.
What is the Waldensian?
A heretical sect that pervaded mainly from southern France to northern Italy, a merchant in Lyon, France Wald in the second half of the 12th century. However, he gave his private fortune to the poor and preached to the people poverty and repentance.
He criticized the church where the hierarchy was widespread as it was at that time, and insisted on the belief based on the Bible.
However, the Waldensian faith was put to the Inquisition.
It seems that he was asked such a question. The Waldensians replied affirmatively to the question.
However, this idea is
"The Nestorian that was considered heretical in the past It is the same as the way of thinking. " It feels like you've been caught up in a nasty question by theologians during the Inquisition.
Thus Waldensians Was recognized as a heretic by the church and was severely cracked down. There are now 20,000 believers in Northern Italy, religious reform It is said that it was a pioneering sect of.
What is the Catharism? ??
Catharism occurred in the east under the influence of Manichaeism, a combination of Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Buddhism, which was born in the Sassanid dynasty around the 3rd century. It is a sect called.
Cathar The biggest feature is the Manichaeist dualism And extreme asceticism It is in.
From the Cathars (wikipedia)
The dualism is the idea that "things in the world are basically composed of two contradictory principles such as" good and evil, spirit and matter. "
Christianity Then, monism that "God (=good) created the world (evil does not exist)" Is the basis, so Cathar The idea of was incompatible.
It began to appear in Bulgaria in the 11th century and spread to both banks of the Rhine in Germany, France and Northern Italy in the 12th century.
What is the Albigensian?
Cathar Of these, the ones that were split in southern France and spread in both the Toulouse and Albi regions are Albi . Or Albigensian I call it.
Albigensian Crusade Is Pope Innocent III during the heyday of the Pope Was advocated by.
From Pope Innocent III (wikipedia)
King of France Philip II-Louis IX Albigensian Crusade who made many expeditions during his reign Will be carried out many times due to the desire of the King of France to increase his influence on Southern France.
Above all, the 1209 Crusaders Then the residents of Toulouse were indiscriminately slaughtered.
Thus, in the latter half of the 13th century, the French Albi Is declining. Louis IX In the era of, it became included in the territory of the Kingdom of France.
The Outrage of Anagni and the Western Schism during Philip IV
Time is Philip IV Was reigning as King of France.
He is England Hundred Years War Pope Boniface VIII at the time as a result of urging the church to tax the church in order to recover the war expenses spent on the outpost war. And a decisive conflict.
From Philip IV (wikipedia)
French troops Anagni with Pope's villa Anagni Incident Is causing up to. This was an incident that completely surfaced the decline of the Pope's power.
Outrage of Anagni Boniface VIII one month after the event Died. Once a pope from Italy came out, he died suddenly (suspected of poisoning) in eight months, and the next pope was strongly influenced by the King of France Clement V . Is attached.
In Rome, which was the center of the Roman Church around this time, Holy Roman Emperor (And France's Count of Luxembourg, jumping election Heinrich VII Was in a mess when he entered Italy to be crowned. So-called Italian Campaign It was in the middle of.
Clement V Is Avignon The Roman Curia was relocated to the Roman Curia to carry out affairs. It may have been unavoidable to want to choose France, the original base, rather than the politically unstable Rome.
However, Clement V After that, the six popes will remain Avignon . Jewish Babylonian captivity is to be placed under French surveillance while relocating to By analogy, Avignon Papacy I call it.
The people who are based in Rome are not interested in this event. In addition, people who are hostile to France or who do not like the strong France have come together.
In this way, the church forces are Avignon vs. Roman Divided into Western Schism ( Large Schism , 1378-1417).
Avignon school- France
- Iberian countries
- Naples
- Scotland etc.
- Italian princes
- German princes
- England etc.
Of course, this divisive situation further accelerated the loss of authority of the church.
Secularization and corruption have become more and more secularized, leading to power struggles within the church, and movements for church reform have begun to take place in various parts of the world.
Development to the Hussite Wars
Babylonian captivity based in Avignon, France In the middle of.
In England, Professor of Theology at Oxford University (the foundation of the university was laid by Henry II at the end of the 11th century) Wycliffe (Around 1320-84) began to severely attack the current situation in which the denial of the papal authority and the boundaries pursue secular wealth.
Wycliffe He even appealed for the confiscation of church property into the national treasury, denying the current state of the church head-on.
He insisted on independence from the Church of England and the Pope of the King, and also advocated biblicalism to contribute to the English translation of the Bible and its dissemination.
In addition, this Wycliffe Plague epidemic You can see (around 1348-1420).
Modified "Plague Propagation in Medieval Europe (Second Pandemic)" from Plague (wikipedia)
Many priests also died because many priests heard the infected confess their sins before their death and witnessed the death. With the sudden wave of generational change, the number of priests with new ideas was increasing instead of the priests who had inherited the ancient doctrine.
Wycliffe because he denied the previous method Was of course a heretic, but the British Lancaster He survived under the ancestor of (a branch of the Plantagenet family) and had a great influence both at home and abroad.
Among them, Hus , who was a professor of theology at Charles University (Czech Republic). The impact on (around 1370-1415) was enormous, Wycliffe . Protestant Pioneer of Hussites Is creating a new sect.
Naturally, it was not accepted by the Roman Church, Hus Was executed as a heretic in 1415.
In response, a large number of Hussite followers in Bohemia, western Czech Republic, where Hussites were based, revolt in Prague (1419-36).
Bohemia at that time was Holy Roman Empire Under the rule of the Luxembourg family, the Holy Roman Emperor is Sigismund from the Luxembourg family.
Therefore, the nationalist movement that was caused by hating the rule of the Luxembourg family is also a strong rebellion.
Since the Hussites spread not only to Bohemia but also to Poland, the Hussites won consecutive battles at the beginning due to the reinforcements from the believers in Poland. The battle was so dominant that it invaded the Holy Roman Empire such as Bavaria and Saxony.
However, if the battle continues for a long time, the small part will be disadvantageous. The Hussites should be internally divided over the procurement of war expenses, leading to the devastation of rural areas and the declining population.
By the way, this internal division is mainly divided into the following two groups.
- Taborites:Radicals
- Utraquist:Moderate
In addition, the Hussites continue to suffer. The Kingdom of Poland, which had been frustrated by the local forces looting during the Hussite Wars, began to crack down in earnest.
The Hussites who lost their place at the base in this way Is finally defeated, but the moderate Utraquists are in peace on the condition that they coexist with the Christian Church.
In this way, the distortion of the Roman Church was so great that it had to create a crusade against heretics in the countries that were influential in Western Europe at that time, such as France and the Holy Roman Empire, and this was the later religious reform. It will lead to the wave of.