1. New agricultural technologies:
* The plow: The plow was a major innovation that allowed farmers to cultivate the land more efficiently. It made it possible to break up the soil and prepare it for planting, and it also helped to control weeds.
* Irrigation: Irrigation systems allowed farmers to water their crops more effectively, which increased yields and made it possible to grow crops in drier areas.
* Crop rotation: Crop rotation is the practice of planting different crops in the same field in a regular sequence. This helps to maintain soil fertility and reduce the risk of pests and diseases.
2. Domestication of plants and animals:
* Domestication of plants: The domestication of plants, such as wheat, rice, and corn, allowed farmers to produce a reliable food supply. This led to a population increase and the development of permanent settlements.
* Domestication of animals: The domestication of animals, such as cattle, pigs, and sheep, provided farmers with a source of meat, milk, and other products. This also helped to increase the food supply and allowed people to live in larger communities.
These factors combined to make the Neolithic farmers more productive and led to the development of civilization.