- Pharaoh: Ancient Egypt's rulers, who held religious and political authority.
- Emperor: A title used by rulers of various ancient empires, such as the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire.
- King: A common title for male rulers of monarchies.
- Queen: A title for female rulers of monarchies.
- Sultan: A title used by rulers of Islamic states in various parts of the world.
- Caliph: A title used by religious and political leaders in early Islamic history.
- Czar: A title used by rulers of the Russian Empire.
- Khan: A title used by rulers of various nomadic or tribal groups, particularly in Central Asia and Mongolia.
- Caesar: A title originally used for Roman emperors, but also used as a title for rulers in other ancient civilizations, such as the Gallic Empire.
These are just a few examples, and there were many other terms and titles used to refer to ancient rulers, varying across different civilizations and regions of the world.