- Aurangzeb's imposition of Islamic laws and restrictions on non-Muslims created discontent among a large portion of the population.
- The reimposition of the jizya tax on non-Muslims and the destruction of Hindu temples led to widespread resentment.
2. Weak Successors and Power Struggles:
- After Aurangzeb's death, the Mughal Empire faced a series of weak and incompetent rulers.
- Constant power struggles and conflicts within the royal family weakened the central authority and stability of the empire.
3. Lack of Modernization:
- The Mughals failed to adopt modern military technologies and warfare techniques, making them vulnerable to European powers and local rebellions.
- They lagged behind in terms of artillery, naval power, and military organization compared to their European contemporaries.
4. Economic Decline:
- The empire faced economic challenges, including a decline in agricultural productivity, trade disruptions, and an overburdened peasantry.
- Aurangzeb's policies, such as the prohibition of certain agricultural practices and increased taxation, further contributed to economic hardships.
5. Growth of Regional Powers:
- Regional kingdoms like the Marathas, Sikhs, Jats, and Rajputs gained strength and challenged Mughal authority in different parts of the empire.
- These regional powers exploited the internal weaknesses of the empire to expand their territories and assert their independence.
6. Administrative Inefficiency and Corruption:
- The Mughal bureaucracy became increasingly corrupt and inefficient over time.
- Provincial governors and local officials often acted independently and abused their power, leading to a decline in law and order.
7. Lack of Unity and Cohesion:
- The Mughal Empire was a diverse and multi-ethnic society, but it lacked the necessary cohesion and unity to withstand internal and external challenges.
- Divisions based on religion, ethnicity, and regional interests weakened the empire's ability to maintain control.
8. Inability to Adapt to Changing Times:
- The Mughals failed to adapt to the changing geopolitical landscape and the rise of European powers.
- They clung to traditional governance structures and policies that were no longer effective in the face of new challenges.
9. Decline of the Mughal Military:
- The Mughal military, once a formidable force, declined due to a lack of modernization, poor leadership, and insufficient funding.
- The empire could not effectively respond to military threats from regional powers and European companies.
10. Disintegration of the Empire:
- By the early 18th century, the Mughal Empire had lost control over vast territories and was reduced to a small region around Delhi.
- Local chieftains and regional powers asserted their autonomy, leading to the eventual fragmentation of the empire.