Even the most enthusiastic Sangokushi enthusiasts rarely know the story from the death of Zhuge Liang to the unification of China by Jin.
To put it very simply, Sima Yi, who prevented Komei's northern felling, took control of Wei from the descendants of Cao Cao by a coup d'etat, and his sons, Sima Akira and Sima Shi, inherited the position, and eventually Sima Yi's grandson Sima. The flames destroy Wu and the three countries are unified.
It is reasonable that it is not popular because the result of many heroes playing an active part is unified with the Sima Yi clan's robbery.
Moreover, the unified Jin dynasty is a dark prince, and the unified Jin dynasty declines as the Sima clan, who is a royal family, competes with each other, and is destroyed by the invasion of a different race called the Five Barbarians.
The Sixteen Kingdoms and Wei Jin North and South Dynasties are described as the "brilliant dark ages," but few know the beginning.
This time, let's take a look at Liu Yuan, who opened the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms era.
Xiongnu who was weakened, divided, and enslaved
Xiongnu, a Mongolic nomad, has long been an object of awe in Chinese history.
Qin Shi Huang made a great deal of effort to build the Great Wall of China to prevent the invasion of Xiongnu, Liu Kun lost to Xiongnu and handed a votive money every year, and Wudi also made a great deal of effort to conquer Xiongnu. I tried.
The battle of Chinese civilization is also a battle with Xiongnu, and it is said that the divided Xiongnu crossed the grasslands of Russia and eventually became the Huns and promoted the great migration of the Germanic people.
Although he was such a Xiongnu, he was greatly weakened during the time of the Three Kingdoms.
The cause of the weakening seems to have been internal conflict. As you can see from the later Genghis Khan era, the Mongolic people take the form of being led by charisma under a mighty king and each tribe following it.
In the late Han Dynasty, Chizhi Shizhu, who had a chanyu position compared to the king's position, had no such centripetal force, and on the contrary, each tribe refused to join him. Chizhi Shizhu, who lost his place, actively cooperated with the Han dynasty during the Yellow Turban Rebellion and tried to invade Nakahara, but was defeated by Yuan Shao and Cao Cao.
Chizhi seems to have obeyed Cao Cao as it was, and his grandson Liu Yuan was probably born in Wei's country.
Cao Cao laid the foundation and Cao Pi founded Wei Kuni, who ruled Xiongnu in five parts. Moreover, it did not recognize complete autonomy, and it was said that Han Chinese bureaucrats were assigned to each, and the position of "Xiongnu Nakaro Sho" ruled Xiongnu.
At that time, the Xiongnu people were considerably weakened, and it seemed that they were targeted by slave merchants, and Shi Le, who later founded Zhao's country, was actually sold as a slave.
Liu Yuan likes Mr. Sima
Liu Yuan was born as a child of Liu Bao, a child of Chizhi Shizhu. Liu Bao was a person who was in the position of the left-hand side of Xiongnu, who was divided into five parts, and Liu Yuan was sent to Luoyang as a hostage by Mr. Sima, who was wary of Xiongnu's power.
It is said that Liu Yuan was a wise child who learned a lot from a young age, was familiar with martial arts, and was a literary and martial arts child.
He was loved by Sima Zhao in Luoyang, and soon after he became the throne, he became very fond of Sima Zhao. Emperor Wu of Shiba died, and during the time of his son, Emperor Hui, he seemed to like Yang Jun, and was appointed to the position of General Jianwei, the Great Dujun of the Five Divisions. In other words, he was in a position to control Xiongnu and was in the de facto top position.
Riding on the War of the Eight Princes-The Beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms-
The Jin dynasty was a dynasty with constant internal conflict from the beginning to the end. When Yang Jun, a consort kin, is killed by the conspiracy of Jia Nanfeng, the worst villain of the Jin dynasty, the War of the Eight Princes, an internal conflict of the Sima clan, breaks out, and Liu Yuan is involved in the conflict between the clan.
One of the eight kings, Sima Ying, the king of Chengdu, summons Liu Yuan and Xiongnu to Ye (formerly Handan) to bring them to his side. The Xiongnu who saw this as an opportunity secretly placed Liu Yuan in the position of king (chanyu).
Liu Yuan, who was in Yeong, offered to Sima Ying "I want to go to the funeral" but was refused. Liu Yuan gathered Xiongnu soldiers under the pretext of using a messenger and cooperating with Sima Ying.
At this time, the aristocratic Wang Jun, who had just tied up with the Xianbei, attacked Sima Ying's camp, so Sima Ying headed for Luoyang with the Emperor Hui. At that time, Liu Yuan offered to gather and assist Xiongnu's soldiers, which was allowed.
When Liu Yuan returned to his hometown, 50,000 soldiers had already been organized there, and Liu Yuan was inaugurated as a large chanyu, and also declared independence from Jin and the founding of Han and himself as Han King.
The time is 304, and with the independence of his Liu Yuan, it is regarded as the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms era.
The reason for calling himself the country "Han" is that his surname is Liu, that the blood of the Han dynasty is flowing to himself because the king of Xiongnu once had a princess of Han, and that the Han dynasty It may have been easy to stand up for the cause of the reconstruction of the Han dynasty.
Liu Yuan made the Shu Han built by Liu Bei Gentoku following the Western Han and the Eastern Han a legitimate dynasty, and claimed to be his successor. Began to appoint one after another.
Sima clan, battle with Xianbei
Of course, the Sima clan does not admit this, and Bingzhou provincial governor Sima Teng, who is in charge of Xiongnu, has tied up with the Xianbei and sent soldiers to subdue Liu Yuan. Liu Yuan confronts this but is defeated. However, when Sima Teng's Shoji Gen chased, he defeated it, and after that he won consecutive battles and attacked Shinyo, the home of Sima Teng, but was defeated again. Will come.
The great famine that has continued since 302 seems to have been considerable, and it has triggered the northern peoples to rush to Nakahara in search of food. Of course, Xiongnu, the Jie tribe, and the Xianbei tribe, which is said to be of Turkish or Mongolian descent, rushed in like a rage.
These peoples joined forces with their respective royals during the War of the Eight Princes and infiltrated the interior of the Chinese Empire.
On the other hand, it is certain that such Hu people are easily targeted for slave trade, security is greatly disturbed, and the era is far from peace.
In such a state, Shi Le of the Jie tribe returns to Liu Yuan, and by the strategy of the Shi Le, the Wuhuan tribe (which is said to be a relative of the Xianbei tribe) is also absorbed, and the power is increasing more and more.
Furthermore, many Han Chinese who were exhausted by the conflict between the royal families have gathered under Liu Yuan, and their power has already surpassed that of the Jin dynasty.
Emperor's coronation and Luoyang invasion
In 308, Liu Yuan finally named himself the emperor. He no longer exposes his confrontation with the Jin dynasty and begins an invasion of Jin's capital, Luoyang.
Liu Yuan died in the middle of his career in 310 while the fierce battle between the two armies continued.
After Liu Yuan's death, his eldest son Liu He and his second son Liu Satoshi fought each other, and his second son Liu Satoshi killed his brother and became emperor, and in 311 he fell Luoyang.
The Jin dynasty continued to be weakened by internal conflicts even after this, and finally disappeared in 316 years.
Later in world history, from the founding of Han in 304 to the destruction of Jin in 316, " Yongjiang Ran I call it.
The Han built by Liu Yuan repeated internal conflicts after his death, and Liu Yao, who succeeded him in 319, changed the national name of Han to "Zhao" but was destroyed by Shi Le in 329.
The blood-fighting struggle never ends, and China will experience a period of fierce war until the Sui dynasty unifies China in the latter half of the 6th century.
Personal evaluation of Liu Yuan
Liu Yuan is sometimes called Liu Yuan in China. This was due to the consideration that the characters "Li Fuchi" would be covered when the Tang dynasty compiled history.
I think Liu Yuan was not only the person who caused the turbulent world, but also the person who had the power to settle the turbulent world.
If Liu Yuan had lived for another 10 years, the turmoil in North China might not have been so long.
The Sixteen Kingdoms era and the subsequent Wei Jin North and South Dynasties are also the era of royal internal conflict. This is true for both the Southern and Northern courts, and it can be said that they basically inherited the flaws of the Jin dynasty.
The issue of succession is the biggest cause of war in the history of the world, and every time a king or aristocrat dies in medieval Europe, his relatives claim sovereignty and a war occurs.
In Ottoman Turkey and other countries, the country has been destroyed due to the battle for successors, but after that, it became a custom to kill candidate successors when the king took office, and regardless of the good or bad of that custom, it has continued for 600 years since the founding of the country. rice field.
Liu Yuan was a very talented person, but his posthumous maintenance was insufficient and his country was less than 30 years old.
The great thing about the founders, called heroes, is that they left behind a system that would allow the government to operate stably even after their death.
The high ancestors of Han, Emperor Guangwu of Eastern Han, and Emperor Taizu of Song therefore succeeded in establishing a long-term government.
It can be said that Liu Yuan lacked such a part. He's really good, but he wasn't at the level of a first-class figure in world history.
From that point of view, Ieyasu Tokugawa, who created the Edo Shogunate, can be seen how excellent it is.