The ancient land system was an important aspect of the emperor-centered rule system and influenced national finances.
Since each land system is directly linked to the social background, not only politics but also various factors such as economy and legal development can be involved.
The ancient tax was mainly rice crops.
Whether or not taxes come in firmly is a big issue for national finance, both in ancient times and in modern times. Therefore, various efforts are being made on the land system in order to collect taxes efficiently.
The beginning of the public land civil system
Public land civil system Was the principle of Taika Reform Edict After it was promulgated.
Until then, private land A powerful and powerful tribe owns their own land and people was doing.
The background of the change from private land to public land is the birth of Tang in 630. is.
Sui, which was already a powerful country, became a more powerful Tang dynasty, and the situation in East Asia changed drastically. So, Prince of the Middle Ages and Nakatomi Kamatari However, Japan is also a centralized nation centered on the emperor. Judging that we had to make a new one, we carried out political reforms such as the Isshi Incident and the Taika Reform.
In such a world situation, a new land system can be created.
One of them says to quit the private land and private land of the emperor and the powerful tribes. In the third, it is written that a family register and an account book will be created and a new form of the method of collecting Kumada will be created.
As a result, a unified tax system (Zu Yong Diao) will be established, and Kuchibunda [ Public Citizenship ] Has been established.
Please check here for details on Zu Yong Diao and Zu Yong Diao.
The Law of the Third Generation
Due to the tax-like poll tax, the people fled one after another, and the Kuchibunda given by the collection of the group was devastated, and the Kuchibunda itself for paying the tax became insufficient.
Prince Nagaya who noticed this situation In 722, in order to solve the shortage of Kuchibunda, he devised a million-step land reclamation plan to reclaim land with a base where crops could be harvested, but it was not effective.
So in 723, The Law of the Third Generation Is promulgated.
The content is ...
In summary,
- Allow private ownership of cleared land for a limited time.
- If you develop land with new irrigation facilities:You can own 3 generations
- When using land with traditional irrigation facilities:Only one generation owned
If you are going to reclaim and pay taxes, you will be allowed to own the land until your grandchildren's generation If the land that already had the function of an irrigation facility and was damaged by escape etc. was cleared and used, only one generation was allowed to own it for a limited time.
With this policy, we aimed to develop new rice fields by the private sector, but the effect was temporary, and after the expiration date of possession, Kuchibunda was devastated again, and no major results were obtained.
Konden Einen Shizai Law
The law of the third generation wasn't quite right, so we will make further reforms.
That is 743 [ Konden Einen Shizai Law 】is.
If you check the historical materials,
- Permanent private guarantee of cleared land.
- There is a limit on the cleared area according to the rank.
Aristocrats, large temples, and local lords as land developers This system was conceived on the assumption that.
This system will be banned once in 765, but after 772 it will be permanently private again. Will be accepted. As a result, [ public land civil system ] Will collapse.
Konden Einen Shizai Law Aristocrats, large temples, and local lords Shoki-shōen about the villa that was acquired through the development of land and the acquisition of Tsuda. Is called.
As a form, we will rent a part of the land we own and collect the usage fee. Such manors were run by aristocrats, large temples, and local lords.