The development of a writing system known as oracle bone script aided in communication and record-keeping, helping unification.
Ancestor worship: The shared belief in and rituals centered around ancestor worship created a sense of common heritage.
Ritual Bronzes: The production of intricately designed ritual bronzes served as tangible expressions of the Shang's prestige and united their influence.
Centralized Leadership: The Shang rulers wielded significant and coordinated governance throughout their domain.