2. Writing: The first writing system, cuneiform, was developed in Mesopotamia around 3200 BC. Cuneiform was a wedge-shaped script that was written on clay tablets. It was used for a variety of purposes, such as record-keeping, literature, and religious texts.
3. The plow: The plow was invented in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. It was used to break up the soil and make it easier to plant crops. The plow greatly increased agricultural productivity and allowed for the development of large civilizations.
4. Bronze: Bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, was first developed in Mesopotamia around 3000 BC. Bronze was stronger and more durable than copper, and was used for a variety of purposes, such as making weapons, tools, and armor.
5. The arch: The arch, a curved structure that supports weight, was invented in Mesopotamia around 2000 BC. The arch was used in the construction of bridges, buildings, and temples. It allowed for the construction of tall and complex structures that would not have been possible otherwise.