- Crimean War (1853-1856): The Crimean War was fought between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia. The war was primarily fought over control of the Crimean Peninsula and access to the Black Sea.
- Austro-Prussian War (1866): The Austro-Prussian War was fought between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The war was the result of a rivalry between the two German powers over control of the German Confederation.
- Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871): The Franco-Prussian War was fought between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Second French Empire. The war was sparked by a dispute over the succession to the Spanish throne.
- Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878): The Russo-Turkish War was fought between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The war was primarily fought over control of the Balkans.
- First Balkan War (1912-1913): The First Balkan War was fought between the Balkan League (Serbia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Montenegro) and the Ottoman Empire. The war was fought over the control of the remaining Ottoman territories in the Balkans.
- Second Balkan War (1913): The Second Balkan War was fought between the former allies of the Balkan League. The war was fought over the division of the spoils from the First Balkan War.