1. The Bolsheviks: The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were a radical socialist faction within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP). They believed that the revolution should be carried out by the working class and the peasants, and that a socialist state should be established.
2. The Mensheviks: The Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov, were a more moderate faction within the RSDLP. They believed that the revolution should be carried out gradually, through parliamentary means, and that a democratic republic should be established.
3. The White Army: The White Army was a loosely-organized coalition of anti-Bolshevik forces that fought against the Red Army during the Russian Civil War (1918-1921). The White Army included a wide range of groups, from monarchists and conservatives to liberals and socialists.