The Napoleonic colonial policy does not respond to a well-thought-out plan, colonization is only in its infancy. However, it is already a means of affirming the glory of the Empire. It was Napoleon III and Chasseloup-Laubat who modernized the navy and tripled the colonial empire. New Caledonia was annexed in 1853, and the coast of Gabon in 1862. Madagascar came under commercial domination; France and the United Kingdom obtain new Chinese trading ports in June 1858, then invade Beijing in October 1860. Annam is submitted in 1863 (Treaty of Hué), as well as Cambodia (protectorate). A Colonial Committee was created in May 1854, which reorganized the colonial Empire by distinguishing between the old and the new colonies. The end of the exclusive regime opens the colonies to other countries. Algeria completely conquered and pacified in 1857, with a decisive French victory in the Kabyle mountains. Napoleon tries to associate the tribes with the colony with the ministry of Algeria and the colonies. In April 1860, he gave them back ownership of the land. In July 1865, he granted them free choice of citizenship. But the project of Arab kingdom directed by protectorate is rejected by Mac-Mahon, governor of Algeria, the army and the colonists. The famine of 1868 kills 500,000 Algerians. It is a failure for Napoleon.
Since the 16th century, Algeria was under the Ottoman regency. In 1798, France bought wheat from Jews in Algiers for the Napoleonic expeditions. In 1827, Dey Hussein demanded payment for this wheat from the French consul. Feeling insulted by the consuls answer, the dey then gives him a few blows of