The Crusaders' expedition has brought about major changes in the Western European world. It is also the title commercial development And the decline of feudal society is.
This time, I touched on the influence and change of the Crusaders, but I will focus on the development of commerce and the feudal society and summarize it in detail.
I want to read it together
Impact and change due to the Crusades expedition
As a result of the fact that the church, which has increased its authority in the feudal society, has political power, it has led to the dispatch of the Crusaders. Why the church dispatches the Crusaders ...
Development of commerce and acquisition of urban autonomy
Due to the above circumstances and the conflict between the Islamic dynasty and the Byzantine Empire, it was a Crusader expedition. .. ..
Weapons for expedition And food Therefore, the technology of each country has developed and the agricultural productivity has been raised. In addition, some Crusader participants get supplies in the towns they stopped by during the expedition, and things and money start to move a lot.
In such a movement, some merchants form a merchant settlement (=Vic) in a safe and convenient place. This Viku develops while absorbing the handicrafts in the surrounding manor. Vic was often outside the city, but gradually integrated and became more powerful.
Lombard League and Hanseatic League
Many cities have benefited from the Crusades expedition, among others Italian cities .. .. .. Especially Northern Italy Is said to have been the most profitable.
This is because it was a city that stopped by and actually provided supplies when transporting Crusaders' supplies and people. Among them, Venetian Merchant Was also involved in the Crusaders' expedition and gained commercial gain.
At a time similar to when this Crusader expedition was taking place, the Holy Roman Empire As the name suggests, Rome Lombard League in cities in northern Italy to resist There is a city alliance called.
Lombard League Is vs. Holy Roman The military alliance with Japan was the beginning, but since there is only an alliance that was formed during the period when commercial activities became active, economic ties will become stronger. Venice for this alliance ・ Genoa The port town such as was also included.
I want to read it together
Holy Roman Empire and Lombard League
Crusaders' expedition Holy Roman Empire that has appeared many times in .. Examining the Crusades and medieval Europe often mentions the relationship between the Roman Church and the Holy Roman Empire ...
Speaking of Italian port towns ... Mediterranean trade is.
Part of Italy is so close that some areas coexist with Muslims, and when they joined the Fourth Crusade, they did not fight the Islamic forces, but invaded the Byzantine Empire for their own benefit.
.. Originally Byzantine Merchant Italy, which had a rivalry with Italy, should advance its business.
Continued trade with the eastern region and prospered in the trade of Asian spices and silk [ Eastern trade (Levant trade)]. Spices and silk fabrics are products with a large price difference and seem to have made considerable profits.
Along with that, Milan in the inland area And Florence But it will flourish in woolen fabrics and finance.
Looking at the European commercial area, another Northern European commercial area We are creating a trade area called. The center of the Northern European commercial zone is the Hanseatic League The city alliance. This Hanseatic League Has come to show its presence as an armed political force.
Lombardy Alliance And Hanseatic League It seems that the exchange of supplies purchased by each and the supplies necessary for the Crusaders became popular, such as exchanging through cities in central Germany.
Hanseatic League In major cities
- Northern Germany: Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen
- Flanders: Antwerp, Bruges, Gun
- England: London, Bristol
Wood, marine products, salt, fur, grains, iron, woolen fabrics between these cities. It has become possible to exchange products such as.
The Hanseatic League Netherlands Cities are also included. It will become a hint that it will become a merchant-dominated country later, so it may be good to put it in the corner of your head.
These Mediterranean trade And Northern Europe Commercial Area Remote trade that summarizes the trade that was done with distant places such as the trade that was done in I call it.
On the other hand, not only the exchange of products themselves, but also transportation points Is also prospering. France's Champagne region is known as the key to this transportation. is.
* This is the name of the region from which the name of champagne, a type of wine, was derived.
In this way, the city is developing steadily. Serfs will also begin to seek freedom and autonomy from the asylum and control of feudal lords (lords, knights, churches), and the soil that they will actually accept will be created.
The collapse of feudal society
Feudal society behind cities gaining autonomy Has collapsed steadily.
The newly established city was sometimes protected by a nearby feudal lord, but the power relationship between the city and the feudal lord will change as the economy grows.
What is the change in power relations that has occurred in the feudal lord?
Feudal Lord in Medieval Europe Is a church ・ Emperor ・ King ・ Lords ・ Knight These are influential people. The power relations of these feudal lords have clearly changed through the Crusades expedition.
church
Because of the Crusaders' words, it ended in failure and voice was weakened .
Emperor / King
I was in a position to create a funding system for the Crusades expedition, so I improved my position .
Lords / Knights
More and more absenteeism less influence in the manor .. Under the command of the King at the expedition destination As a result of being forced to do so, its status has declined ..
In addition to these changes in status, the monetary economy As a result of the permeation and social change, it makes more sense to collect money than to collect crops from territories.
Money was needed to procure weapons, etc. on their own for the expedition.
Rather than running a lord-owned land in this way Lending land to farmers and getting rent in money change I will continue to do it.
How has the relationship between the city and the feudal lord changed? ??
A city that was also an important source of revenue for taxation and tariff income for lords whose monetary economy had penetrated and war costs had increased. Has become an existence that cannot be done without a doubt. Basically
- Market rights
- Money mining rights
- Residence rights
- Trade rights
Acquired various rights such as letter patent Cities will gain autonomy in the form of gaining. Entering the 13th century, the unique city law in various parts of Western Europe And court Autonomous City with Was formed, and a new citizenship was established in addition to the traditional aristocrats, priests, and peasants.
Autonomous cities were surrounded by walls, in which citizens began to escape feudal binding.
However, some cities have gained autonomy in different ways. In particular, it seems that the current method of acquiring autonomy around France, Germany, and Italy was different from that of other Europe.
In the case of France
The commune movement that took place in France from the latter half of the 11th century to the 1st century (With the commune movement).
Successive in the area between the Rhine and Seine .. All city citizens except the lord will pledge to each other, unite for mutual defense and mutual aid, form a community, fight and gain autonomy.
At that time, it seems that these movements became widespread because there was no such strong centralized political power.
In the case of Germany
Holy Roman Empire at the time is not it. Germany Italian Campaign In many cases, the top is absent, and under the circumstances where the lords are empowering That was a big influence on urban development.
From the latter half of the 12th century to the 13th century, there were cases where lords were actively involved in building cities, mainly in newly developed regions (Southwestern Germany-Switzerland). By admitting autonomy from the beginning, he gathered large merchants and tried to achieve economic prosperity.
In this way, territorial state The emperor who wants to suppress the power of the lords who formed (like a semi-independent nation) patent in the city In some cases, the autonomy is given.
These cities are imperial cities , which is a method of acquiring autonomy unique to Germany, where the power of the lords is strong. Is called. So there is no struggle for autonomy.
For Italy
The Carolingian who was the King of Italy Italy has lacked unified power since its severance. Since it was the home of the Roman Church, where the Papal States are located, the unity of the city residents was strengthened, centered on the bishop.
What is the Carolingian family? ??
Carolingian Is the clan that produced the King of the Frankish Kingdom. Charlemagne from the Carolingian family Although (reigning 768-814) built the heyday of the Frankish kingdom, it splits into three due to the custom of split inheritance and the overlap of inheritance conflicts.
One of them is Middle Francia including Italy However, it could not be maintained due to the fact that it was originally artificially divided, and Lothair I Divided by the sons of. East Francia, Kingdom of Italy, Western Roman Empire Was ceded to.
After being ceded, the Carolingians will be cut off in each country. The King of Italy is cut off at the earliest stage.
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However, in the 12th century, the church's centripetal force declined. Partly because of this, in the cities of Italy, the bishop's power, which is the lord, was defeated and the autonomous city [ Comune ] Will be created. The surrounding rural areas have also been annexed, making it a city with strong independence like a kind of city-state.
Venice, Milan, Florence, Genoa Over 200 comune in northern and central Italy It is said that there was.
City Autonomous City and Citizens
Each city that has acquired autonomy will be self-governed while having its own administrative organization. The organization that forms the basis of autonomous management Is a guild trade union called is.
Remote trade was the first to dominate the city administration when autonomous cities actually operated the administration. Merchant Guild centered on large merchants engaged in was. These few great merchants form urban aristocrats, and in the 14th and 15th centuries they suppress the middle class and carry out oligarchy.
I was dissatisfied with this because the same job guild was created and separated by the handicraft industry by job type. (Tunft). We will realize participation in the city administration while competing with the merchant guild. This is Tunft struggle I call it.
Same Job Guild Has a strict social order and was a master who coached and worked craftsmen and apprentices. Only became a member. There are fine-grained regulations that have stabilized the economic status of unstable handicrafts, but at the same time seem to have contributed to the impediment to new free development.
Gradually, upper citizens were formed in the autonomous city, and the Fugger family in Augsburg (Germany). And the Medici in Florence (Italy) Millionaires who have an influence on the emperor and the Roman Church have also begun to appear.
What is the decisive factor in the decline of feudal society? ??
In the midst of changes in feudal societies and cities, some farmers are beginning to store money. Some people were able to pay a large amount of liberation money (polling tax, marriage tax, death tax, etc.), and some people were free to leave the mansion. It is said that it was further promoted in the 14th and 15th centuries.
On the other hand, after the 14th century, the climate of Europe will become colder and the balance between food production and population growth will be lost. Many have become chronically malnourished.
Under such circumstances, Hundred Years War (France etc. vs. England etc.), War of the Roses (Civil war in England, northern France also became a battlefield) and a series of battles broke out, and a plague (black death) pandemic Overlap. These events have become a major factor in the decline of feudal society.
* Plague is more likely to spread in cold environments, and it seems that many people with poor nutritional status supported the pandemic.
From the research on the mystery of the black death disease
What is the change in the villa? .. .. ??
The decline in the rural population has become serious, and the shortage of agricultural labor has become noticeable even in the villas. So, in order to solve the labor shortage, what the lord did to keep him in the rural area
- Reduce rent
- Strengthening the land tenure of farmers (whether you buy or sell or rent the land you own is ok)
Such. Anyway, we are going in the direction of improving the treatment of farmers. This move is " feudal (lordship) crisis Is called. Farmers are independent self-employed farmers who only pay a small amount of land rent. (Yeoman), the lord is almost like a landowner It became.
Of course, it's not just the lords who welcome the move. Economically distressed lords revisit the peasants and try to tighten their bondage ( feudal recoil ).
Naturally, the farmers oppose the movement of these lords ( Jacquerie's turbulence , Wat Tyler's Revolt Such). The rebellion was quickly subdued, but feudal recoil It didn't work as the lord thought, and the lord became even more distressed.
Many small lords were most affected when feudalism collapsed knights It was a layer.
Even worse continued for the knights. Battle tactics invention of artillery during the collapse of feudal society Greater change. One-on-one combat that raises the name of the knight with the shape of the battle Is gone, and fame and status are being destroyed I fell into it.
What did the citizens of the city ask for? .. .. ?? ??
Just when the manor system was beginning to collapse. Residents of the city where the commercial area has begun to expand are
I started to want to unify the market. Hope for the emergence of so-called centralized political power Will come to do.
The lords of the manor were also inconvenient for urban merchants, as the number of people who could move freely would decrease if the lords tried to suppress the farmers.
And the emperor comes to mind as a force that wants to suppress the power of the lords of the manor. And King Us.
Both sides cooperated to suppress the princes, and the princes and knights became the ones who served the royal court.
In this way, the feudal society completely collapsed, and each country began to follow the path of a modern centralized nation.
* In the case of the Holy Roman Empire, the emperor wanted to suppress the princes, but the princes are now superior (see the history of each country in Germany).